ceval.c

/* Execute compiled code */

#include "ceval.h"
#include "pycore_long.h"

#ifdef HAVE_PTHREAD_NP_H
#  include <pthread_np.h>         // pthread_attr_get_np()
#endif


int
Py_GetRecursionLimit(void)
{
    PyInterpreterState *interp = _PyInterpreterState_GET();
    return interp->ceval.recursion_limit;
}

void
Py_SetRecursionLimit(int new_limit)
{
    PyInterpreterState *interp = _PyInterpreterState_GET();
    _PyEval_StopTheWorld(interp);
    interp->ceval.recursion_limit = new_limit;
    _Py_FOR_EACH_TSTATE_BEGIN(interp, p) {
        int depth = p->py_recursion_limit - p->py_recursion_remaining;
        p->py_recursion_limit = new_limit;
        p->py_recursion_remaining = new_limit - depth;
    }
    _Py_FOR_EACH_TSTATE_END(interp);
    _PyEval_StartTheWorld(interp);
}

int
_Py_ReachedRecursionLimitWithMargin(PyThreadState *tstate, int margin_count)
{
    uintptr_t here_addr = _Py_get_machine_stack_pointer();
    _PyThreadStateImpl *_tstate = (_PyThreadStateImpl *)tstate;
#if _Py_STACK_GROWS_DOWN
    if (here_addr > _tstate->c_stack_soft_limit + margin_count * _PyOS_STACK_MARGIN_BYTES) {
#else
    if (here_addr <= _tstate->c_stack_soft_limit - margin_count * _PyOS_STACK_MARGIN_BYTES) {
#endif
        return 0;
    }
    if (_tstate->c_stack_hard_limit == 0) {
        _Py_InitializeRecursionLimits(tstate);
    }
#if _Py_STACK_GROWS_DOWN
    return here_addr <= _tstate->c_stack_soft_limit + margin_count * _PyOS_STACK_MARGIN_BYTES &&
        here_addr >= _tstate->c_stack_soft_limit - 2 * _PyOS_STACK_MARGIN_BYTES;
#else
    return here_addr > _tstate->c_stack_soft_limit - margin_count * _PyOS_STACK_MARGIN_BYTES &&
        here_addr <= _tstate->c_stack_soft_limit + 2 * _PyOS_STACK_MARGIN_BYTES;
#endif
}

#if defined(_Py_LINKER_THREAD_STACK_SIZE)
#  define Py_C_STACK_SIZE _Py_LINKER_THREAD_STACK_SIZE
#elif defined(__s390x__)
#  define Py_C_STACK_SIZE 320000
#elif defined(_WIN32)
   // Don't define Py_C_STACK_SIZE, ask the O/S
#elif defined(__ANDROID__)
#  define Py_C_STACK_SIZE 1200000
#elif defined(__sparc__)
#  define Py_C_STACK_SIZE 1600000
#elif defined(__hppa__) || defined(__powerpc64__)
#  define Py_C_STACK_SIZE 2000000
#else
#  define Py_C_STACK_SIZE 4000000
#endif

static void
hardware_stack_limits(uintptr_t *base, uintptr_t *top, uintptr_t sp)
{
#ifdef WIN32
    ULONG_PTR low, high;
    GetCurrentThreadStackLimits(&low, &high);
    *top = (uintptr_t)high;
    ULONG guarantee = 0;
#ifdef MS_WINDOWS_DESKTOP
    SetThreadStackGuarantee(&guarantee);
#endif
    *base = (uintptr_t)low + guarantee;
#elif defined(__APPLE__)
    pthread_t this_thread = pthread_self();
    void *stack_addr = pthread_get_stackaddr_np(this_thread); // top of the stack
    size_t stack_size = pthread_get_stacksize_np(this_thread);
    *top = (uintptr_t)stack_addr;
    *base = ((uintptr_t)stack_addr) - stack_size;
#else
    // musl supports HAVE_PTHREAD_GETATTR_NP, but the resulting stack size
    // (on alpine at least) is much smaller than expected and imposes undue
    // limits compared to the old stack size estimation. musl doesn't give
    // us a way to detect it, so we have to assume any non-glibc,
    // non-Android Linux is musl and mustn't rely on pthread_getattr_np.
#  if (defined(HAVE_PTHREAD_GETATTR_NP) || defined(_Py_HAVE_PTHREAD_ATTR_GET_NP)) \
        && !defined(_AIX) && !defined(__NetBSD__) \
        && (defined(__GLIBC__) || defined(__ANDROID__) || !defined(__linux__))
    size_t stack_size, guard_size;
    void *stack_addr;
    pthread_attr_t attr;

    int err = pthread_attr_init(&attr);
#ifdef _Py_HAVE_PTHREAD_ATTR_GET_NP
    err |= pthread_attr_get_np(pthread_self(), &attr);
#else
    err |= pthread_getattr_np(pthread_self(), &attr);
#endif
    if (err == 0) {
        err = pthread_attr_getguardsize(&attr, &guard_size);
        err |= pthread_attr_getstack(&attr, &stack_addr, &stack_size);
        err |= pthread_attr_destroy(&attr);
    }
    if (err == 0) {
        *base = ((uintptr_t)stack_addr) + guard_size;
        *top = (uintptr_t)stack_addr + stack_size;
        return;
    }
#  endif

    // Add some space for caller function then round to minimum page size
    // This is a guess at the top of the stack, but should be a reasonably
    // good guess if called from _PyThreadState_Attach when creating a thread.
    // If the thread is attached deep in a call stack, then the guess will be poor.
#if _Py_STACK_GROWS_DOWN
    uintptr_t top_addr = _Py_SIZE_ROUND_UP(sp + 8*sizeof(void*), SYSTEM_PAGE_SIZE);
    *top = top_addr;
    *base = top_addr - Py_C_STACK_SIZE;
#  else
    uintptr_t base_addr = _Py_SIZE_ROUND_DOWN(sp - 8*sizeof(void*), SYSTEM_PAGE_SIZE);
    *base = base_addr;
    *top = base_addr + Py_C_STACK_SIZE;
#endif
#endif
}

static void
tstate_set_stack(PyThreadState *tstate,
                 uintptr_t base, uintptr_t top)
{
    assert(base < top);
    assert((top - base) >= _PyOS_MIN_STACK_SIZE);

#ifdef _Py_THREAD_SANITIZER
    // Thread sanitizer crashes if we use more than half the stack.
    uintptr_t stacksize = top - base;
#  if _Py_STACK_GROWS_DOWN
    base += stacksize/2;
#  else
    top -= stacksize/2;
#  endif
#endif
    _PyThreadStateImpl *_tstate = (_PyThreadStateImpl *)tstate;
#if _Py_STACK_GROWS_DOWN
    _tstate->c_stack_top = top;
    _tstate->c_stack_hard_limit = base + _PyOS_STACK_MARGIN_BYTES;
    _tstate->c_stack_soft_limit = base + _PyOS_STACK_MARGIN_BYTES * 2;
#  ifndef NDEBUG
    // Sanity checks
    _PyThreadStateImpl *ts = (_PyThreadStateImpl *)tstate;
    assert(ts->c_stack_hard_limit <= ts->c_stack_soft_limit);
    assert(ts->c_stack_soft_limit < ts->c_stack_top);
#  endif
#else
    _tstate->c_stack_top = base;
    _tstate->c_stack_hard_limit = top - _PyOS_STACK_MARGIN_BYTES;
    _tstate->c_stack_soft_limit = top - _PyOS_STACK_MARGIN_BYTES * 2;
#  ifndef NDEBUG
    // Sanity checks
    _PyThreadStateImpl *ts = (_PyThreadStateImpl *)tstate;
    assert(ts->c_stack_hard_limit >= ts->c_stack_soft_limit);
    assert(ts->c_stack_soft_limit > ts->c_stack_top);
#  endif
#endif
}


void
_Py_InitializeRecursionLimits(PyThreadState *tstate)
{
    uintptr_t base, top;
    uintptr_t here_addr = _Py_get_machine_stack_pointer();
    hardware_stack_limits(&base, &top, here_addr);
    assert(top != 0);

    tstate_set_stack(tstate, base, top);
    _PyThreadStateImpl *ts = (_PyThreadStateImpl *)tstate;
    ts->c_stack_init_base = base;
    ts->c_stack_init_top = top;
}


int
PyUnstable_ThreadState_SetStackProtection(PyThreadState *tstate,
                                void *stack_start_addr, size_t stack_size)
{
    if (stack_size < _PyOS_MIN_STACK_SIZE) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
                     "stack_size must be at least %zu bytes",
                     _PyOS_MIN_STACK_SIZE);
        return -1;
    }

    uintptr_t base = (uintptr_t)stack_start_addr;
    uintptr_t top = base + stack_size;
    tstate_set_stack(tstate, base, top);
    return 0;
}


void
PyUnstable_ThreadState_ResetStackProtection(PyThreadState *tstate)
{
    _PyThreadStateImpl *ts = (_PyThreadStateImpl *)tstate;
    if (ts->c_stack_init_top != 0) {
        tstate_set_stack(tstate,
                         ts->c_stack_init_base,
                         ts->c_stack_init_top);
        return;
    }

    _Py_InitializeRecursionLimits(tstate);
}


/* The function _Py_EnterRecursiveCallTstate() only calls _Py_CheckRecursiveCall()
   if the stack pointer is beyond c_stack_soft_limit. */
int
_Py_CheckRecursiveCall(PyThreadState *tstate, const char *where)
{
    _PyThreadStateImpl *_tstate = (_PyThreadStateImpl *)tstate;
    uintptr_t here_addr = _Py_get_machine_stack_pointer();
    assert(_tstate->c_stack_soft_limit != 0);
    assert(_tstate->c_stack_hard_limit != 0);
#if _Py_STACK_GROWS_DOWN
    if (here_addr < _tstate->c_stack_hard_limit) {
        if (here_addr < _tstate->c_stack_hard_limit - _PyOS_STACK_MARGIN_BYTES) {
            // Far out of bounds -- Assume stack switching has occurred
            return 0;
        }
        int kbytes_used = (int)(_tstate->c_stack_top - here_addr)/1024;
#else
    if (here_addr > _tstate->c_stack_hard_limit) {
        if (here_addr > _tstate->c_stack_hard_limit + _PyOS_STACK_MARGIN_BYTES) {
            // Far out of bounds -- Assume stack switching has occurred
            return 0;
        }
        int kbytes_used = (int)(here_addr - _tstate->c_stack_top)/1024;
#endif
        /* Too much stack used to safely raise an exception. Give up. */
        char buffer[80];
        snprintf(buffer, 80, "Unrecoverable stack overflow (used %d kB)%s", kbytes_used, where);
        Py_FatalError(buffer);
    }
    if (tstate->recursion_headroom) {
        return 0;
    }
    else {
#if _Py_STACK_GROWS_DOWN
        int kbytes_used = (int)(_tstate->c_stack_top - here_addr)/1024;
#else
        int kbytes_used = (int)(here_addr - _tstate->c_stack_top)/1024;
#endif
        tstate->recursion_headroom++;
        _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_RecursionError,
                    "Stack overflow (used %d kB)%s",
                    kbytes_used,
                    where);
        tstate->recursion_headroom--;
        return -1;
    }
}


const binaryfunc _PyEval_BinaryOps[] = {
    [NB_ADD] = PyNumber_Add,
    [NB_AND] = PyNumber_And,
    [NB_FLOOR_DIVIDE] = PyNumber_FloorDivide,
    [NB_LSHIFT] = PyNumber_Lshift,
    [NB_MATRIX_MULTIPLY] = PyNumber_MatrixMultiply,
    [NB_MULTIPLY] = PyNumber_Multiply,
    [NB_REMAINDER] = PyNumber_Remainder,
    [NB_OR] = PyNumber_Or,
    [NB_POWER] = _PyNumber_PowerNoMod,
    [NB_RSHIFT] = PyNumber_Rshift,
    [NB_SUBTRACT] = PyNumber_Subtract,
    [NB_TRUE_DIVIDE] = PyNumber_TrueDivide,
    [NB_XOR] = PyNumber_Xor,
    [NB_INPLACE_ADD] = PyNumber_InPlaceAdd,
    [NB_INPLACE_AND] = PyNumber_InPlaceAnd,
    [NB_INPLACE_FLOOR_DIVIDE] = PyNumber_InPlaceFloorDivide,
    [NB_INPLACE_LSHIFT] = PyNumber_InPlaceLshift,
    [NB_INPLACE_MATRIX_MULTIPLY] = PyNumber_InPlaceMatrixMultiply,
    [NB_INPLACE_MULTIPLY] = PyNumber_InPlaceMultiply,
    [NB_INPLACE_REMAINDER] = PyNumber_InPlaceRemainder,
    [NB_INPLACE_OR] = PyNumber_InPlaceOr,
    [NB_INPLACE_POWER] = _PyNumber_InPlacePowerNoMod,
    [NB_INPLACE_RSHIFT] = PyNumber_InPlaceRshift,
    [NB_INPLACE_SUBTRACT] = PyNumber_InPlaceSubtract,
    [NB_INPLACE_TRUE_DIVIDE] = PyNumber_InPlaceTrueDivide,
    [NB_INPLACE_XOR] = PyNumber_InPlaceXor,
    [NB_SUBSCR] = PyObject_GetItem,
};

const conversion_func _PyEval_ConversionFuncs[4] = {
    [FVC_STR] = PyObject_Str,
    [FVC_REPR] = PyObject_Repr,
    [FVC_ASCII] = PyObject_ASCII
};

const _Py_SpecialMethod _Py_SpecialMethods[] = {
    [SPECIAL___ENTER__] = {
        .name = &_Py_ID(__enter__),
        .error = (
            "'%T' object does not support the context manager protocol "
            "(missed __enter__ method)"
        ),
        .error_suggestion = (
            "'%T' object does not support the context manager protocol "
            "(missed __enter__ method) but it supports the asynchronous "
            "context manager protocol. Did you mean to use 'async with'?"
        )
    },
    [SPECIAL___EXIT__] = {
        .name = &_Py_ID(__exit__),
        .error = (
            "'%T' object does not support the context manager protocol "
            "(missed __exit__ method)"
        ),
        .error_suggestion = (
            "'%T' object does not support the context manager protocol "
            "(missed __exit__ method) but it supports the asynchronous "
            "context manager protocol. Did you mean to use 'async with'?"
        )
    },
    [SPECIAL___AENTER__] = {
        .name = &_Py_ID(__aenter__),
        .error = (
            "'%T' object does not support the asynchronous "
            "context manager protocol (missed __aenter__ method)"
        ),
        .error_suggestion = (
            "'%T' object does not support the asynchronous context manager "
            "protocol (missed __aenter__ method) but it supports the context "
            "manager protocol. Did you mean to use 'with'?"
        )
    },
    [SPECIAL___AEXIT__] = {
        .name = &_Py_ID(__aexit__),
        .error = (
            "'%T' object does not support the asynchronous "
            "context manager protocol (missed __aexit__ method)"
        ),
        .error_suggestion = (
            "'%T' object does not support the asynchronous context manager "
            "protocol (missed __aexit__ method) but it supports the context "
            "manager protocol. Did you mean to use 'with'?"
        )
    }
};

const size_t _Py_FunctionAttributeOffsets[] = {
    [MAKE_FUNCTION_CLOSURE] = offsetof(PyFunctionObject, func_closure),
    [MAKE_FUNCTION_ANNOTATIONS] = offsetof(PyFunctionObject, func_annotations),
    [MAKE_FUNCTION_KWDEFAULTS] = offsetof(PyFunctionObject, func_kwdefaults),
    [MAKE_FUNCTION_DEFAULTS] = offsetof(PyFunctionObject, func_defaults),
    [MAKE_FUNCTION_ANNOTATE] = offsetof(PyFunctionObject, func_annotate),
};

// PEP 634: Structural Pattern Matching


// Return a tuple of values corresponding to keys, with error checks for
// duplicate/missing keys.
PyObject *
_PyEval_MatchKeys(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject *map, PyObject *keys)
{
    assert(PyTuple_CheckExact(keys));
    Py_ssize_t nkeys = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(keys);
    if (!nkeys) {
        // No keys means no items.
        return PyTuple_New(0);
    }
    PyObject *seen = NULL;
    PyObject *dummy = NULL;
    PyObject *values = NULL;
    // We use the two argument form of map.get(key, default) for two reasons:
    // - Atomically check for a key and get its value without error handling.
    // - Don't cause key creation or resizing in dict subclasses like
    //   collections.defaultdict that define __missing__ (or similar).
    _PyCStackRef self, method;
    _PyThreadState_PushCStackRef(tstate, &self);
    _PyThreadState_PushCStackRef(tstate, &method);
    self.ref = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectBorrow(map);
    int res = _PyObject_GetMethodStackRef(tstate, &self.ref, &_Py_ID(get), &method.ref);
    if (res < 0) {
        goto fail;
    }
    PyObject *get = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(method.ref);
    seen = PySet_New(NULL);
    if (seen == NULL) {
        goto fail;
    }
    // dummy = object()
    dummy = _PyObject_CallNoArgs((PyObject *)&PyBaseObject_Type);
    if (dummy == NULL) {
        goto fail;
    }
    values = PyTuple_New(nkeys);
    if (values == NULL) {
        goto fail;
    }
    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < nkeys; i++) {
        PyObject *key = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(keys, i);
        if (PySet_Contains(seen, key) || PySet_Add(seen, key)) {
            if (!_PyErr_Occurred(tstate)) {
                // Seen it before!
                _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_ValueError,
                              "mapping pattern checks duplicate key (%R)", key);
            }
            goto fail;
        }
        PyObject *self_obj = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(self.ref);
        PyObject *args[] = { self_obj, key, dummy };
        PyObject *value = NULL;
        if (!PyStackRef_IsNull(self.ref)) {
            value = PyObject_Vectorcall(get, args, 3, NULL);
        }
        else {
            value = PyObject_Vectorcall(get, &args[1], 2, NULL);
        }
        if (value == NULL) {
            goto fail;
        }
        if (value == dummy) {
            // key not in map!
            Py_DECREF(value);
            Py_DECREF(values);
            // Return None:
            values = Py_NewRef(Py_None);
            goto done;
        }
        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(values, i, value);
    }
    // Success:
done:
    _PyThreadState_PopCStackRef(tstate, &method);
    _PyThreadState_PopCStackRef(tstate, &self);
    Py_DECREF(seen);
    Py_DECREF(dummy);
    return values;
fail:
    _PyThreadState_PopCStackRef(tstate, &method);
    _PyThreadState_PopCStackRef(tstate, &self);
    Py_XDECREF(seen);
    Py_XDECREF(dummy);
    Py_XDECREF(values);
    return NULL;
}

// Extract a named attribute from the subject, with additional bookkeeping to
// raise TypeErrors for repeated lookups. On failure, return NULL (with no
// error set). Use _PyErr_Occurred(tstate) to disambiguate.
static PyObject *
match_class_attr(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject *subject, PyObject *type,
                 PyObject *name, PyObject *seen)
{
    assert(PyUnicode_CheckExact(name));
    // Only check for duplicates if seen is not NULL.
    if (seen != NULL) {
        assert(PySet_CheckExact(seen));
        if (PySet_Contains(seen, name) || PySet_Add(seen, name)) {
            if (!_PyErr_Occurred(tstate)) {
                // Seen it before!
                _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_TypeError,
                            "%s() got multiple sub-patterns for attribute %R",
                            ((PyTypeObject*)type)->tp_name, name);
            }
            return NULL;
        }
    }
    PyObject *attr;
    (void)PyObject_GetOptionalAttr(subject, name, &attr);
    return attr;
}

// On success (match), return a tuple of extracted attributes. On failure (no
// match), return NULL. Use _PyErr_Occurred(tstate) to disambiguate.
PyObject*
_PyEval_MatchClass(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject *subject, PyObject *type,
                   Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject *kwargs)
{
    if (!PyType_Check(type)) {
        const char *e = "class pattern must refer to a class";
        _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_TypeError, e);
        return NULL;
    }
    assert(PyTuple_CheckExact(kwargs));
    // First, an isinstance check:
    if (PyObject_IsInstance(subject, type) <= 0) {
        return NULL;
    }
    // Short circuit if there aren't any arguments:
    Py_ssize_t nkwargs = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(kwargs);
    Py_ssize_t nattrs = nargs + nkwargs;
    if (!nattrs) {
        return PyTuple_New(0);
    }
    // So far so good:
    PyObject *seen = NULL;
    // Only check for duplicates if there is at least one positional attribute
    // and two or more attributes in total. Duplicate keyword attributes are
    // detected during the compile stage and raise a SyntaxError.
    if (nargs > 0 && nattrs > 1) {
        seen = PySet_New(NULL);
        if (seen == NULL) {
            return NULL;
        }
    }
    PyObject *attrs = PyTuple_New(nattrs);
    if (attrs == NULL) {
        Py_XDECREF(seen);
        return NULL;
    }
    // NOTE: From this point on, goto fail on failure:
    PyObject *match_args = NULL;
    // First, the positional subpatterns:
    if (nargs) {
        int match_self = 0;
        if (PyObject_GetOptionalAttr(type, &_Py_ID(__match_args__), &match_args) < 0) {
            goto fail;
        }
        if (match_args) {
            if (!PyTuple_CheckExact(match_args)) {
                const char *e = "%s.__match_args__ must be a tuple (got %s)";
                _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_TypeError, e,
                              ((PyTypeObject *)type)->tp_name,
                              Py_TYPE(match_args)->tp_name);
                goto fail;
            }
        }
        else {
            // _Py_TPFLAGS_MATCH_SELF is only acknowledged if the type does not
            // define __match_args__. This is natural behavior for subclasses:
            // it's as if __match_args__ is some "magic" value that is lost as
            // soon as they redefine it.
            match_args = PyTuple_New(0);
            match_self = PyType_HasFeature((PyTypeObject*)type,
                                            _Py_TPFLAGS_MATCH_SELF);
        }
        assert(PyTuple_CheckExact(match_args));
        Py_ssize_t allowed = match_self ? 1 : PyTuple_GET_SIZE(match_args);
        if (allowed < nargs) {
            const char *plural = (allowed == 1) ? "" : "s";
            _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_TypeError,
                          "%s() accepts %zd positional sub-pattern%s (%zd given)",
                          ((PyTypeObject*)type)->tp_name,
                          allowed, plural, nargs);
            goto fail;
        }
        if (match_self) {
            // Easy. Copy the subject itself, and move on to kwargs.
            assert(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(attrs, 0) == NULL);
            PyTuple_SET_ITEM(attrs, 0, Py_NewRef(subject));
        }
        else {
            for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < nargs; i++) {
                PyObject *name = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(match_args, i);
                if (!PyUnicode_CheckExact(name)) {
                    _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_TypeError,
                                  "__match_args__ elements must be strings "
                                  "(got %s)", Py_TYPE(name)->tp_name);
                    goto fail;
                }
                PyObject *attr = match_class_attr(tstate, subject, type, name,
                                                  seen);
                if (attr == NULL) {
                    goto fail;
                }
                assert(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(attrs, i) == NULL);
                PyTuple_SET_ITEM(attrs, i, attr);
            }
        }
        Py_CLEAR(match_args);
    }
    // Finally, the keyword subpatterns:
    for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < nkwargs; i++) {
        PyObject *name = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(kwargs, i);
        PyObject *attr = match_class_attr(tstate, subject, type, name, seen);
        if (attr == NULL) {
            goto fail;
        }
        assert(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(attrs, nargs + i) == NULL);
        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(attrs, nargs + i, attr);
    }
    Py_XDECREF(seen);
    return attrs;
fail:
    // We really don't care whether an error was raised or not... that's our
    // caller's problem. All we know is that the match failed.
    Py_XDECREF(match_args);
    Py_XDECREF(seen);
    Py_DECREF(attrs);
    return NULL;
}


static int do_raise(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject *exc, PyObject *cause);

PyObject *
PyEval_EvalCode(PyObject *co, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals)
{
    PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();
    if (locals == NULL) {
        locals = globals;
    }
    PyObject *builtins = _PyDict_LoadBuiltinsFromGlobals(globals);
    if (builtins == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }
    PyFrameConstructor desc = {
        .fc_globals = globals,
        .fc_builtins = builtins,
        .fc_name = ((PyCodeObject *)co)->co_name,
        .fc_qualname = ((PyCodeObject *)co)->co_name,
        .fc_code = co,
        .fc_defaults = NULL,
        .fc_kwdefaults = NULL,
        .fc_closure = NULL
    };
    PyFunctionObject *func = _PyFunction_FromConstructor(&desc);
    _Py_DECREF_BUILTINS(builtins);
    if (func == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }
    EVAL_CALL_STAT_INC(EVAL_CALL_LEGACY);
    PyObject *res = _PyEval_Vector(tstate, func, locals, NULL, 0, NULL);
    Py_DECREF(func);
    return res;
}


/* Interpreter main loop */

PyObject *
PyEval_EvalFrame(PyFrameObject *f)
{
    /* Function kept for backward compatibility */
    PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();
    return _PyEval_EvalFrame(tstate, f->f_frame, 0);
}

PyObject *
PyEval_EvalFrameEx(PyFrameObject *f, int throwflag)
{
    PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();
    return _PyEval_EvalFrame(tstate, f->f_frame, throwflag);
}

#include "ceval_macros.h"


/* Helper functions to keep the size of the largest uops down */

PyObject *
_Py_VectorCall_StackRefSteal(
    _PyStackRef callable,
    _PyStackRef *arguments,
    int total_args,
    _PyStackRef kwnames)
{
    PyObject *res;
    STACKREFS_TO_PYOBJECTS(arguments, total_args, args_o);
    if (CONVERSION_FAILED(args_o)) {
        res = NULL;
        goto cleanup;
    }
    PyObject *callable_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(callable);
    PyObject *kwnames_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(kwnames);
    int positional_args = total_args;
    if (kwnames_o != NULL) {
        positional_args -= (int)PyTuple_GET_SIZE(kwnames_o);
    }
    res = PyObject_Vectorcall(
        callable_o, args_o,
        positional_args | PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET,
        kwnames_o);
    STACKREFS_TO_PYOBJECTS_CLEANUP(args_o);
    assert((res != NULL) ^ (PyErr_Occurred() != NULL));
cleanup:
    PyStackRef_XCLOSE(kwnames);
    // arguments is a pointer into the GC visible stack,
    // so we must NULL out values as we clear them.
    for (int i = total_args-1; i >= 0; i--) {
        _PyStackRef tmp = arguments[i];
        arguments[i] = PyStackRef_NULL;
        PyStackRef_CLOSE(tmp);
    }
    PyStackRef_CLOSE(callable);
    return res;
}

PyObject*
_Py_VectorCallInstrumentation_StackRefSteal(
    _PyStackRef callable,
    _PyStackRef* arguments,
    int total_args,
    _PyStackRef kwnames,
    bool call_instrumentation,
    _PyInterpreterFrame* frame,
    _Py_CODEUNIT* this_instr,
    PyThreadState* tstate)
{
    PyObject* res;
    STACKREFS_TO_PYOBJECTS(arguments, total_args, args_o);
    if (CONVERSION_FAILED(args_o)) {
        res = NULL;
        goto cleanup;
    }
    PyObject* callable_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(callable);
    PyObject* kwnames_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(kwnames);
    int positional_args = total_args;
    if (kwnames_o != NULL) {
        positional_args -= (int)PyTuple_GET_SIZE(kwnames_o);
    }
    res = PyObject_Vectorcall(
        callable_o, args_o,
        positional_args | PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET,
        kwnames_o);
    STACKREFS_TO_PYOBJECTS_CLEANUP(args_o);
    if (call_instrumentation) {
        PyObject* arg = total_args == 0 ?
            &_PyInstrumentation_MISSING : PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(arguments[0]);
        if (res == NULL) {
            _Py_call_instrumentation_exc2(
                tstate, PY_MONITORING_EVENT_C_RAISE,
                frame, this_instr, callable_o, arg);
        }
        else {
            int err = _Py_call_instrumentation_2args(
                tstate, PY_MONITORING_EVENT_C_RETURN,
                frame, this_instr, callable_o, arg);
            if (err < 0) {
                Py_CLEAR(res);
            }
        }
    }
    assert((res != NULL) ^ (PyErr_Occurred() != NULL));
cleanup:
    PyStackRef_XCLOSE(kwnames);
    // arguments is a pointer into the GC visible stack,
    // so we must NULL out values as we clear them.
    for (int i = total_args - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
        _PyStackRef tmp = arguments[i];
        arguments[i] = PyStackRef_NULL;
        PyStackRef_CLOSE(tmp);
    }
    PyStackRef_CLOSE(callable);
    return res;
}

PyObject *
_Py_BuiltinCallFast_StackRef(
    _PyStackRef callable,
    _PyStackRef *arguments,
    int total_args)
{
    PyObject *res;
    STACKREFS_TO_PYOBJECTS(arguments, total_args, args_o);
    if (CONVERSION_FAILED(args_o)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    PyObject *callable_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(callable);
    PyCFunction cfunc = PyCFunction_GET_FUNCTION(callable_o);
    res = _PyCFunctionFast_CAST(cfunc)(
        PyCFunction_GET_SELF(callable_o),
        args_o,
        total_args
    );
    STACKREFS_TO_PYOBJECTS_CLEANUP(args_o);
    assert((res != NULL) ^ (PyErr_Occurred() != NULL));
    return res;
}

PyObject *
_Py_BuiltinCallFastWithKeywords_StackRef(
    _PyStackRef callable,
    _PyStackRef *arguments,
    int total_args)
{
    PyObject *res;
    STACKREFS_TO_PYOBJECTS(arguments, total_args, args_o);
    if (CONVERSION_FAILED(args_o)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    PyObject *callable_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(callable);
    PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords cfunc =
        _PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords_CAST(PyCFunction_GET_FUNCTION(callable_o));
    res = cfunc(PyCFunction_GET_SELF(callable_o), args_o, total_args, NULL);
    STACKREFS_TO_PYOBJECTS_CLEANUP(args_o);
    assert((res != NULL) ^ (PyErr_Occurred() != NULL));
    return res;
}

PyObject *
_PyCallMethodDescriptorFast_StackRef(
    _PyStackRef callable,
    PyCFunctionFast cfunc,
    PyObject *self,
    _PyStackRef *arguments,
    int total_args)
{
    PyObject *res;
    STACKREFS_TO_PYOBJECTS(arguments, total_args, args_o);
    if (CONVERSION_FAILED(args_o)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    assert(self == PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(arguments[0]));

    res = cfunc(self, (args_o + 1), total_args - 1);
    STACKREFS_TO_PYOBJECTS_CLEANUP(args_o);
    assert((res != NULL) ^ (PyErr_Occurred() != NULL));
    return res;
}

PyObject *
_PyCallMethodDescriptorFastWithKeywords_StackRef(
    _PyStackRef callable,
    PyCFunctionFastWithKeywords cfunc,
    PyObject *self,
    _PyStackRef *arguments,
    int total_args)
{
    PyObject *res;
    STACKREFS_TO_PYOBJECTS(arguments, total_args, args_o);
    if (CONVERSION_FAILED(args_o)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    assert(self == PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(arguments[0]));

    res = cfunc(self, (args_o + 1), total_args-1, NULL);
    STACKREFS_TO_PYOBJECTS_CLEANUP(args_o);
    assert((res != NULL) ^ (PyErr_Occurred() != NULL));
    return res;
}

PyObject *
_Py_CallBuiltinClass_StackRef(
    _PyStackRef callable,
    _PyStackRef *arguments,
    int total_args)
{
    PyObject *res;
    STACKREFS_TO_PYOBJECTS(arguments, total_args, args_o);
    if (CONVERSION_FAILED(args_o)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    PyTypeObject *tp = (PyTypeObject *)PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(callable);
    res = tp->tp_vectorcall((PyObject *)tp, args_o, total_args | PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET, NULL);
    STACKREFS_TO_PYOBJECTS_CLEANUP(args_o);
    assert((res != NULL) ^ (PyErr_Occurred() != NULL));
    return res;
}

PyObject *
_Py_BuildString_StackRefSteal(
    _PyStackRef *arguments,
    int total_args)
{
    PyObject *res;
    STACKREFS_TO_PYOBJECTS(arguments, total_args, args_o);
    if (CONVERSION_FAILED(args_o)) {
        res = NULL;
        goto cleanup;
    }
    res = _PyUnicode_JoinArray(&_Py_STR(empty), args_o, total_args);
    STACKREFS_TO_PYOBJECTS_CLEANUP(args_o);
    assert((res != NULL) ^ (PyErr_Occurred() != NULL));
cleanup:
    // arguments is a pointer into the GC visible stack,
    // so we must NULL out values as we clear them.
    for (int i = total_args-1; i >= 0; i--) {
        _PyStackRef tmp = arguments[i];
        arguments[i] = PyStackRef_NULL;
        PyStackRef_CLOSE(tmp);
    }
    return res;
}

PyObject *
_Py_BuildMap_StackRefSteal(
    _PyStackRef *arguments,
    int half_args)
{
    PyObject *res;
    STACKREFS_TO_PYOBJECTS(arguments, half_args*2, args_o);
    if (CONVERSION_FAILED(args_o)) {
        res = NULL;
        goto cleanup;
    }
    res = _PyDict_FromItems(
        args_o, 2,
        args_o+1, 2,
        half_args
    );
    STACKREFS_TO_PYOBJECTS_CLEANUP(args_o);
    assert((res != NULL) ^ (PyErr_Occurred() != NULL));
cleanup:
    // arguments is a pointer into the GC visible stack,
    // so we must NULL out values as we clear them.
    for (int i = half_args*2-1; i >= 0; i--) {
        _PyStackRef tmp = arguments[i];
        arguments[i] = PyStackRef_NULL;
        PyStackRef_CLOSE(tmp);
    }
    return res;
}

_PyStackRef
_Py_LoadAttr_StackRefSteal(
    PyThreadState *tstate, _PyStackRef owner,
    PyObject *name, _PyStackRef *self_or_null)
{
    // Use _PyCStackRefs to ensure that both method and self are visible to
    // the GC. Even though self_or_null is on the evaluation stack, it may be
    // after the stackpointer and therefore not visible to the GC.
    _PyCStackRef method, self;
    _PyThreadState_PushCStackRef(tstate, &method);
    _PyThreadState_PushCStackRef(tstate, &self);
    self.ref = owner;  // steal reference to owner
    // NOTE: method.ref is initialized to PyStackRef_NULL and remains null on
    // error, so we don't need to explicitly use the return code from the call.
    _PyObject_GetMethodStackRef(tstate, &self.ref, name, &method.ref);
    *self_or_null = _PyThreadState_PopCStackRefSteal(tstate, &self);
    return _PyThreadState_PopCStackRefSteal(tstate, &method);
}

#ifdef Py_DEBUG
void
_Py_assert_within_stack_bounds(
    _PyInterpreterFrame *frame, _PyStackRef *stack_pointer,
    const char *filename, int lineno
) {
    if (frame->owner == FRAME_OWNED_BY_INTERPRETER) {
        return;
    }
    int level = (int)(stack_pointer - _PyFrame_Stackbase(frame));
    if (level < 0) {
        printf("Stack underflow (depth = %d) at %s:%d\n", level, filename, lineno);
        fflush(stdout);
        abort();
    }
    int size = _PyFrame_GetCode(frame)->co_stacksize;
    if (level > size) {
        printf("Stack overflow (depth = %d) at %s:%d\n", level, filename, lineno);
        fflush(stdout);
        abort();
    }
}
#ifdef _Py_JIT
void
_Py_jit_assert_within_stack_bounds(
    _PyInterpreterFrame *frame, _PyStackRef *stack_pointer, int lineno
) {
    _Py_assert_within_stack_bounds(frame, stack_pointer, "executor_cases.c.h", lineno);
}
#endif
#endif

int _Py_CheckRecursiveCallPy(
    PyThreadState *tstate)
{
    if (tstate->recursion_headroom) {
        if (tstate->py_recursion_remaining < -50) {
            /* Overflowing while handling an overflow. Give up. */
            Py_FatalError("Cannot recover from Python stack overflow.");
        }
    }
    else {
        if (tstate->py_recursion_remaining <= 0) {
            tstate->recursion_headroom++;
            _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_RecursionError,
                        "maximum recursion depth exceeded");
            tstate->recursion_headroom--;
            return -1;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

static const _Py_CODEUNIT _Py_INTERPRETER_TRAMPOLINE_INSTRUCTIONS[] = {
    /* Put a NOP at the start, so that the IP points into
    * the code, rather than before it */
    { .op.code = NOP, .op.arg = 0 },
    { .op.code = INTERPRETER_EXIT, .op.arg = 0 },  /* reached on return */
    { .op.code = NOP, .op.arg = 0 },
    { .op.code = INTERPRETER_EXIT, .op.arg = 0 },  /* reached on yield */
    { .op.code = RESUME, .op.arg = RESUME_OPARG_DEPTH1_MASK | RESUME_AT_FUNC_START },
    { .op.code = CACHE, .op.arg = 0 } /* RESUME's CACHE */
};

const _Py_CODEUNIT *_Py_INTERPRETER_TRAMPOLINE_INSTRUCTIONS_PTR = (_Py_CODEUNIT*)&_Py_INTERPRETER_TRAMPOLINE_INSTRUCTIONS;

#ifdef Py_DEBUG
extern void _PyUOpPrint(const _PyUOpInstruction *uop);
#endif


PyObject **
_PyObjectArray_FromStackRefArray(_PyStackRef *input, Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject **scratch)
{
    PyObject **result;
    if (nargs > MAX_STACKREF_SCRATCH) {
        // +1 in case PY_VECTORCALL_ARGUMENTS_OFFSET is set.
        result = PyMem_Malloc((nargs + 1) * sizeof(PyObject *));
        if (result == NULL) {
            PyErr_NoMemory();
            return NULL;
        }
    }
    else {
        result = scratch;
    }
    result++;
    result[0] = NULL; /* Keep GCC happy */
    for (int i = 0; i < nargs; i++) {
        result[i] = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(input[i]);
    }
    return result;
}

void
_PyObjectArray_Free(PyObject **array, PyObject **scratch)
{
    if (array != scratch) {
        PyMem_Free(array);
    }
}

#if _Py_TIER2
// 0 for success, -1  for error.
static int
stop_tracing_and_jit(PyThreadState *tstate, _PyInterpreterFrame *frame)
{
    int _is_sys_tracing = (tstate->c_tracefunc != NULL) || (tstate->c_profilefunc != NULL);
    int err = 0;
    if (!_PyErr_Occurred(tstate) && !_is_sys_tracing) {
        err = _PyOptimizer_Optimize(frame, tstate);
    }
    _PyJit_FinalizeTracing(tstate, err);
    return err;
}
#endif

/* _PyEval_EvalFrameDefault is too large to optimize for speed with PGO on MSVC.
 */
#if (defined(_MSC_VER) && \
     (_MSC_VER < 1943) && \
     defined(_Py_USING_PGO))
#define DO_NOT_OPTIMIZE_INTERP_LOOP
#endif

#ifdef DO_NOT_OPTIMIZE_INTERP_LOOP
#  pragma optimize("t", off)
/* This setting is reversed below following _PyEval_EvalFrameDefault */
#endif

#if _Py_TAIL_CALL_INTERP
#include "opcode_targets.h"
#include "generated_cases.c.h"
#endif


_PyStackRef
_PyEval_GetIter(_PyStackRef iterable, _PyStackRef *index_or_null, int yield_from)
{
    PyTypeObject *tp = PyStackRef_TYPE(iterable);
    if (tp->_tp_iteritem != NULL) {
        /* Leave iterable on stack and pushed tagged 0 */
        *index_or_null = PyStackRef_TagInt(0);
        return iterable;
    }
    *index_or_null = PyStackRef_NULL;
    if (tp->tp_iter == PyObject_SelfIter) {
        return iterable;
    }
    if (yield_from && tp == &PyCoro_Type) {
        assert(yield_from != GET_ITER_YIELD_FROM);
        if (yield_from == GET_ITER_YIELD_FROM_CORO_CHECK) {
            /* `iterable` is a coroutine and it is used in a 'yield from'
            * expression of a regular generator. */
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                            "cannot 'yield from' a coroutine object "
                            "in a non-coroutine generator");
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(iterable);
            return PyStackRef_ERROR;
        }
        return iterable;
    }
    /* Pop iterable, and push iterator then NULL */
    PyObject *iter_o = PyObject_GetIter(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(iterable));
    PyStackRef_CLOSE(iterable);
    if (iter_o == NULL) {
        return PyStackRef_ERROR;
    }
    return PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(iter_o);
}

int _PyEval_StoreName(PyThreadState *tstate, _PyStackRef v, PyObject *name, PyObject* ns)
{
    int deletion = PyStackRef_IsNull(v);

    if (ns == NULL) {
        const char *msg = deletion
            ? "no locals found when deleting %R"
            : "no locals found when storing %R";
        _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_SystemError, msg, name);
        return 1;
    }

    if (deletion) {
        int error = PyObject_DelItem(ns, name);
        if (error) {
            _PyEval_FormatExcCheckArg(tstate, PyExc_NameError,
                                    NAME_ERROR_MSG,
                                    name);
        }
        return error;
    }

    PyObject *v_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(v);
    if (PyDict_CheckExact(ns)) {
        return PyDict_SetItem(ns, name, v_o);
    }

    return PyObject_SetItem(ns, name, v_o);
}

#if (defined(__GNUC__) && __GNUC__ >= 10 && !defined(__clang__)) && defined(__x86_64__)
/*
 * gh-129987: The SLP autovectorizer can cause poor code generation for
 * opcode dispatch in some GCC versions (observed in GCCs 12 through 15,
 * probably caused by https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=115777),
 * negating any benefit we get from vectorization elsewhere in the
 * interpreter loop. Disabling it significantly affected older GCC versions
 * (prior to GCC 9, 40% performance drop), so we have to selectively disable
 * it.
 */
#define DONT_SLP_VECTORIZE __attribute__((optimize ("no-tree-slp-vectorize", "no-omit-frame-pointer")))
#else
#define DONT_SLP_VECTORIZE
#endif

#ifdef WITH_DTRACE
static void
dtrace_function_entry(_PyInterpreterFrame *frame)
{
    const char *filename;
    const char *funcname;
    int lineno;

    PyCodeObject *code = _PyFrame_GetCode(frame);
    PyObject *exc = PyErr_GetRaisedException();
    filename = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(code->co_filename);
    funcname = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(code->co_name);
    PyErr_SetRaisedException(exc);
    if (filename == NULL) {
        filename = "<unknown>";
    }
    if (funcname == NULL) {
        funcname = "<unknown>";
    }
    lineno = PyUnstable_InterpreterFrame_GetLine(frame);

    PyDTrace_FUNCTION_ENTRY(filename, funcname, lineno);
}

static void
dtrace_function_return(_PyInterpreterFrame *frame)
{
    const char *filename;
    const char *funcname;
    int lineno;

    PyCodeObject *code = _PyFrame_GetCode(frame);
    PyObject *exc = PyErr_GetRaisedException();
    filename = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(code->co_filename);
    funcname = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(code->co_name);
    PyErr_SetRaisedException(exc);
    if (filename == NULL) {
        filename = "<unknown>";
    }
    if (funcname == NULL) {
        funcname = "<unknown>";
    }
    lineno = PyUnstable_InterpreterFrame_GetLine(frame);

    PyDTrace_FUNCTION_RETURN(filename, funcname, lineno);
}
#endif

/*
 * _PyEval_EvalFrameDefault must remain a separate frame in the C call stack:
 * stack unwinders, profilers and other tools that walk the stack use it to
 * find the interpreter loop. With the tail-calling interpreter it is small
 * enough to be inlined into its callers, e.g. by Clang with PGO.
 */
Py_NO_INLINE PyObject* _Py_HOT_FUNCTION DONT_SLP_VECTORIZE
_PyEval_EvalFrameDefault(PyThreadState *tstate, _PyInterpreterFrame *frame, int throwflag)
{
    _Py_EnsureTstateNotNULL(tstate);
    check_invalid_reentrancy();
    CALL_STAT_INC(pyeval_calls);

#if USE_COMPUTED_GOTOS && !_Py_TAIL_CALL_INTERP
/* Import the static jump table */
#include "opcode_targets.h"
    void **opcode_targets = opcode_targets_table;
#endif

#ifdef Py_STATS
    int lastopcode = 0;
#endif
#if !_Py_TAIL_CALL_INTERP
    uint8_t opcode;    /* Current opcode */
    int oparg;         /* Current opcode argument, if any */
    assert(tstate->current_frame == NULL || tstate->current_frame->stackpointer != NULL);
#if !USE_COMPUTED_GOTOS
    uint8_t tracing_mode = 0;
    uint8_t dispatch_code;
#endif
#endif
    _PyEntryFrame entry;

    if (_Py_EnterRecursiveCallTstate(tstate, "")) {
        assert(frame->owner != FRAME_OWNED_BY_INTERPRETER);
        _PyEval_FrameClearAndPop(tstate, frame);
        return NULL;
    }

    /* Local "register" variables.
     * These are cached values from the frame and code object.  */
    _Py_CODEUNIT *next_instr;
    _PyStackRef *stack_pointer;
    entry.stack[0] = PyStackRef_NULL;
#ifdef Py_STACKREF_DEBUG
    entry.frame.f_funcobj = PyStackRef_None;
#elif defined(Py_DEBUG)
    /* Set these to invalid but identifiable values for debugging. */
    entry.frame.f_funcobj = (_PyStackRef){.bits = 0xaaa0};
    entry.frame.f_locals = (PyObject*)0xaaa1;
    entry.frame.frame_obj = (PyFrameObject*)0xaaa2;
    entry.frame.f_globals = (PyObject*)0xaaa3;
    entry.frame.f_builtins = (PyObject*)0xaaa4;
#endif
    entry.frame.f_executable = PyStackRef_None;
    entry.frame.instr_ptr = (_Py_CODEUNIT *)_Py_INTERPRETER_TRAMPOLINE_INSTRUCTIONS + 1;
    entry.frame.stackpointer = entry.stack;
    entry.frame.owner = FRAME_OWNED_BY_INTERPRETER;
    entry.frame.visited = 0;
    entry.frame.return_offset = 0;
#ifdef Py_DEBUG
    entry.frame.lltrace = 0;
    entry.frame.stackpointer_valid = 1;
#endif
    /* Push frame */
    entry.frame.previous = tstate->current_frame;
    frame->previous = &entry.frame;
    tstate->current_frame = frame;
    entry.frame.localsplus[0] = PyStackRef_NULL;
#ifdef _Py_TIER2
    if (tstate->current_executor != NULL) {
        assert(Py_TYPE(tstate->current_executor) == &_PyUOpExecutor_Type);
        entry.frame.localsplus[0] = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectNew(tstate->current_executor);
        tstate->current_executor = NULL;
    }
#endif

    /* support for generator.throw() */
    if (throwflag) {
        if (_Py_EnterRecursivePy(tstate)) {
            goto early_exit;
        }
#ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
        /* Load thread-local bytecode */
        if (frame->tlbc_index != ((_PyThreadStateImpl *)tstate)->tlbc_index) {
            _Py_CODEUNIT *bytecode =
                _PyEval_GetExecutableCode(tstate, _PyFrame_GetCode(frame));
            if (bytecode == NULL) {
                goto early_exit;
            }
            ptrdiff_t off = frame->instr_ptr - _PyFrame_GetBytecode(frame);
            frame->tlbc_index = ((_PyThreadStateImpl *)tstate)->tlbc_index;
            frame->instr_ptr = bytecode + off;
        }
#endif
        /* Because this avoids the RESUME, we need to update instrumentation */
        _Py_Instrument(_PyFrame_GetCode(frame), tstate->interp);
        next_instr = frame->instr_ptr;
        monitor_throw(tstate, frame, next_instr);
        stack_pointer = _PyFrame_GetStackPointer(frame);
        _PyFrame_StackPointerInvalidate(frame);
#if _Py_TAIL_CALL_INTERP
#   if Py_STATS
        return _TAIL_CALL_error(frame, stack_pointer, tstate, next_instr, instruction_funcptr_handler_table, 0, lastopcode);
#   else
        return _TAIL_CALL_error(frame, stack_pointer, tstate, next_instr, instruction_funcptr_handler_table, 0);
#   endif
#else
        goto error;
#endif
    }

#if _Py_TAIL_CALL_INTERP
#   if Py_STATS
        return _TAIL_CALL_start_frame(frame, NULL, tstate, NULL, instruction_funcptr_handler_table, 0, lastopcode);
#   else
        return _TAIL_CALL_start_frame(frame, NULL, tstate, NULL, instruction_funcptr_handler_table, 0);
#   endif
#else
    goto start_frame;
#   include "generated_cases.c.h"
#endif


early_exit:
    assert(_PyErr_Occurred(tstate));
    _Py_LeaveRecursiveCallPy(tstate);
    assert(frame->owner != FRAME_OWNED_BY_INTERPRETER);
    // GH-99729: We need to unlink the frame *before* clearing it:
    _PyInterpreterFrame *dying = frame;
    frame = tstate->current_frame = dying->previous;
    _PyEval_FrameClearAndPop(tstate, dying);
    frame->return_offset = 0;
    assert(frame->owner == FRAME_OWNED_BY_INTERPRETER);
    /* Restore previous frame and exit */
    tstate->current_frame = frame->previous;
    return NULL;
}
#ifdef _Py_TIER2
#ifdef _Py_JIT
_PyJitEntryFuncPtr _Py_jit_entry = _PyJIT_Entry;
#else
_PyJitEntryFuncPtr _Py_jit_entry = _PyTier2Interpreter;
#endif
#endif

#if defined(_Py_TIER2) && !defined(_Py_JIT)

_Py_CODEUNIT *
_PyTier2Interpreter(
    _PyExecutorObject *current_executor, _PyInterpreterFrame *frame,
    _PyStackRef *stack_pointer, PyThreadState *tstate
) {
    const _PyUOpInstruction *next_uop;
    int oparg;
    /* Set up "jit" state after entry from tier 1.
     * This mimics what the jit shim function does. */
    tstate->jit_exit = NULL;
    _PyStackRef _tos_cache0 = PyStackRef_ZERO_BITS;
    _PyStackRef _tos_cache1 = PyStackRef_ZERO_BITS;
    _PyStackRef _tos_cache2 = PyStackRef_ZERO_BITS;
    int current_cached_values = 0;

tier2_start:

    next_uop = current_executor->trace;
    assert(next_uop->opcode == _START_EXECUTOR_r00 + current_cached_values ||
        next_uop->opcode == _COLD_EXIT_r00 + current_cached_values ||
        next_uop->opcode == _COLD_DYNAMIC_EXIT_r00 + current_cached_values);

#undef LOAD_IP
#define LOAD_IP(UNUSED) (void)0

#ifdef Py_STATS
// Disable these macros that apply to Tier 1 stats when we are in Tier 2
#undef STAT_INC
#define STAT_INC(opname, name) ((void)0)
#undef STAT_DEC
#define STAT_DEC(opname, name) ((void)0)
#endif

#undef ENABLE_SPECIALIZATION
#define ENABLE_SPECIALIZATION 0

    uint16_t uopcode;
#ifdef Py_STATS
    int lastuop = 0;
    uint64_t trace_uop_execution_counter = 0;
#endif

    assert(next_uop->opcode == _START_EXECUTOR_r00 ||
        next_uop->opcode == _COLD_EXIT_r00 ||
        next_uop->opcode == _COLD_DYNAMIC_EXIT_r00);
tier2_dispatch:
    for (;;) {
        uopcode = next_uop->opcode;
#ifdef Py_DEBUG
        if (frame->lltrace >= 4) {
            dump_stack(frame, stack_pointer);
            printf("    cache=[");
            dump_cache_item(_tos_cache0, 0, current_cached_values);
            printf(", ");
            dump_cache_item(_tos_cache1, 1, current_cached_values);
            printf(", ");
            dump_cache_item(_tos_cache2, 2, current_cached_values);
            printf("]\n");
            if (next_uop->opcode == _START_EXECUTOR_r00) {
                printf("%4d uop: ", 0);
            }
            else {
                printf("%4d uop: ", (int)(next_uop - current_executor->trace));
            }
            _PyUOpPrint(next_uop);
            printf("\n");
            fflush(stdout);
        }
#endif
        next_uop++;
        OPT_STAT_INC(uops_executed);
        UOP_STAT_INC(uopcode, execution_count);
        UOP_PAIR_INC(uopcode, lastuop);
#ifdef Py_STATS
        trace_uop_execution_counter++;
        ((_PyUOpInstruction  *)next_uop)[-1].execution_count++;
#endif

        switch (uopcode) {

#include "executor_cases.c.h"

            default:
#ifdef Py_DEBUG
            {
                printf("Unknown uop: ");
                _PyUOpPrint(&next_uop[-1]);
                printf(" @ %d\n", (int)(next_uop - current_executor->trace - 1));
                Py_FatalError("Unknown uop");
            }
#else
            Py_UNREACHABLE();
#endif

        }
    }

jump_to_error_target:
#ifdef Py_DEBUG
    if (frame->lltrace >= 2) {
        printf("Error: [UOp ");
        _PyUOpPrint(&next_uop[-1]);
        printf(" @ %d -> %s]\n",
               (int)(next_uop - current_executor->trace - 1),
               _PyOpcode_OpName[frame->instr_ptr->op.code]);
        fflush(stdout);
    }
#endif
    assert(next_uop[-1].format == UOP_FORMAT_JUMP);
    uint16_t target = uop_get_error_target(&next_uop[-1]);
    next_uop = current_executor->trace + target;
    goto tier2_dispatch;

jump_to_jump_target:
    assert(next_uop[-1].format == UOP_FORMAT_JUMP);
    target = uop_get_jump_target(&next_uop[-1]);
    next_uop = current_executor->trace + target;
    goto tier2_dispatch;

}
#endif // _Py_TIER2


#ifdef DO_NOT_OPTIMIZE_INTERP_LOOP
#  pragma optimize("", on)
#endif

#if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
#  pragma GCC diagnostic pop
#elif defined(_MSC_VER) /* MS_WINDOWS */
#  pragma warning(pop)
#endif

static void
format_missing(PyThreadState *tstate, const char *kind,
               PyCodeObject *co, PyObject *names, PyObject *qualname)
{
    int err;
    Py_ssize_t len = PyList_GET_SIZE(names);
    PyObject *name_str, *comma, *tail, *tmp;

    assert(PyList_CheckExact(names));
    assert(len >= 1);
    /* Deal with the joys of natural language. */
    switch (len) {
    case 1:
        name_str = PyList_GET_ITEM(names, 0);
        Py_INCREF(name_str);
        break;
    case 2:
        name_str = PyUnicode_FromFormat("%U and %U",
                                        PyList_GET_ITEM(names, len - 2),
                                        PyList_GET_ITEM(names, len - 1));
        break;
    default:
        tail = PyUnicode_FromFormat(", %U, and %U",
                                    PyList_GET_ITEM(names, len - 2),
                                    PyList_GET_ITEM(names, len - 1));
        if (tail == NULL)
            return;
        /* Chop off the last two objects in the list. This shouldn't actually
           fail, but we can't be too careful. */
        err = PyList_SetSlice(names, len - 2, len, NULL);
        if (err == -1) {
            Py_DECREF(tail);
            return;
        }
        /* Stitch everything up into a nice comma-separated list. */
        comma = PyUnicode_FromString(", ");
        if (comma == NULL) {
            Py_DECREF(tail);
            return;
        }
        tmp = PyUnicode_Join(comma, names);
        Py_DECREF(comma);
        if (tmp == NULL) {
            Py_DECREF(tail);
            return;
        }
        name_str = PyUnicode_Concat(tmp, tail);
        Py_DECREF(tmp);
        Py_DECREF(tail);
        break;
    }
    if (name_str == NULL)
        return;
    _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_TypeError,
                  "%U() missing %zd required %s argument%s: %U",
                  qualname,
                  len,
                  kind,
                  len == 1 ? "" : "s",
                  name_str);
    Py_DECREF(name_str);
}

static void
missing_arguments(PyThreadState *tstate, PyCodeObject *co,
                  Py_ssize_t missing, Py_ssize_t defcount,
                  _PyStackRef *localsplus, PyObject *qualname)
{
    Py_ssize_t i, j = 0;
    Py_ssize_t start, end;
    int positional = (defcount != -1);
    const char *kind = positional ? "positional" : "keyword-only";
    PyObject *missing_names;

    /* Compute the names of the arguments that are missing. */
    missing_names = PyList_New(missing);
    if (missing_names == NULL)
        return;
    if (positional) {
        start = 0;
        end = co->co_argcount - defcount;
    }
    else {
        start = co->co_argcount;
        end = start + co->co_kwonlyargcount;
    }
    for (i = start; i < end; i++) {
        if (PyStackRef_IsNull(localsplus[i])) {
            PyObject *raw = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(co->co_localsplusnames, i);
            PyObject *name = PyObject_Repr(raw);
            if (name == NULL) {
                Py_DECREF(missing_names);
                return;
            }
            PyList_SET_ITEM(missing_names, j++, name);
        }
    }
    assert(j == missing);
    format_missing(tstate, kind, co, missing_names, qualname);
    Py_DECREF(missing_names);
}

static void
too_many_positional(PyThreadState *tstate, PyCodeObject *co,
                    Py_ssize_t given, PyObject *defaults,
                    _PyStackRef *localsplus, PyObject *qualname,
                    int should_suggest_missing_self)
{
    int plural;
    Py_ssize_t kwonly_given = 0;
    Py_ssize_t i;
    PyObject *sig, *kwonly_sig;
    const char *self_hint = "";
    Py_ssize_t co_argcount = co->co_argcount;

    assert((co->co_flags & CO_VARARGS) == 0);
    /* Count missing keyword-only args. */
    for (i = co_argcount; i < co_argcount + co->co_kwonlyargcount; i++) {
        if (PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(localsplus[i]) != NULL) {
            kwonly_given++;
        }
    }
    Py_ssize_t defcount = defaults == NULL ? 0 : PyTuple_GET_SIZE(defaults);
    if (defcount) {
        Py_ssize_t atleast = co_argcount - defcount;
        plural = 1;
        sig = PyUnicode_FromFormat("from %zd to %zd", atleast, co_argcount);
    }
    else {
        plural = (co_argcount != 1);
        sig = PyUnicode_FromFormat("%zd", co_argcount);
    }
    if (sig == NULL)
        return;
    if (kwonly_given) {
        const char *format = " positional argument%s (and %zd keyword-only argument%s)";
        kwonly_sig = PyUnicode_FromFormat(format,
                                          given != 1 ? "s" : "",
                                          kwonly_given,
                                          kwonly_given != 1 ? "s" : "");
        if (kwonly_sig == NULL) {
            Py_DECREF(sig);
            return;
        }
    }
    else {
        /* This will not fail. */
        kwonly_sig = Py_GetConstant(Py_CONSTANT_EMPTY_STR);
        assert(kwonly_sig != NULL);
    }
    if (should_suggest_missing_self) {
        self_hint = ". Did you forget the 'self' parameter "
                    "in the function definition?";
    }
    _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_TypeError,
                  "%U() takes %U positional argument%s but %zd%U %s given%s",
                  qualname,
                  sig,
                  plural ? "s" : "",
                  given,
                  kwonly_sig,
                  given == 1 && !kwonly_given ? "was" : "were",
                  self_hint
                );
    Py_DECREF(sig);
    Py_DECREF(kwonly_sig);
}

static int
suggest_missing_self(PyFunctionObject *func, PyCodeObject *co,
                     PyObject *first_argument, Py_ssize_t argcount)
{
    /* Missing self shows up as exactly one extra positional argument. */
    if ((co->co_argcount + 1) != argcount) {
        return 0;
    }

    if (first_argument == NULL || PyType_Check(first_argument)) {
        /* When first arg is NULL, it's not really about self.
           If it's a type object, then it's a classmethod. */
        return 0;
    }

    if (co->co_argcount > 0) {
        PyObject *first_parameter_name = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(co->co_localsplusnames, 0);
        /* If the receiver parameter is already declared, another hint would be misleading. */
        if (PyUnicode_CompareWithASCIIString(first_parameter_name, "self") == 0 ||
            PyUnicode_CompareWithASCIIString(first_parameter_name, "cls") == 0)
        {
            return 0;
        }
    }
    /* If the current function matches on the type, it's likely worth adding the hint. */
    PyTypeObject *self_cls = Py_TYPE(first_argument);
    PyFunctionObject *possibly_current_function =
        (PyFunctionObject *)_PyType_Lookup(self_cls, co->co_name);
    return possibly_current_function == func;
}

static int
positional_only_passed_as_keyword(PyThreadState *tstate, PyCodeObject *co,
                                  Py_ssize_t kwcount, PyObject* kwnames,
                                  PyFunctionObject *func)
{
    int posonly_conflicts = 0;
    PyObject* posonly_names = PyList_New(0);
    if (posonly_names == NULL) {
        goto fail;
    }
    for(int k=0; k < co->co_posonlyargcount; k++){
        PyObject* posonly_name = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(co->co_localsplusnames, k);

        for (int k2=0; k2<kwcount; k2++){
            /* Compare the pointers first and fallback to PyObject_RichCompareBool*/
            PyObject* kwname = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(kwnames, k2);
            if (kwname == posonly_name){
                if(PyList_Append(posonly_names, kwname) != 0) {
                    goto fail;
                }
                posonly_conflicts++;
                continue;
            }

            int cmp = PyObject_RichCompareBool(posonly_name, kwname, Py_EQ);

            if ( cmp > 0) {
                if(PyList_Append(posonly_names, kwname) != 0) {
                    goto fail;
                }
                posonly_conflicts++;
            } else if (cmp < 0) {
                goto fail;
            }

        }
    }
    if (posonly_conflicts) {
        PyObject* comma = PyUnicode_FromString(", ");
        if (comma == NULL) {
            goto fail;
        }
        PyObject* error_names = PyUnicode_Join(comma, posonly_names);
        Py_DECREF(comma);
        if (error_names == NULL) {
            goto fail;
        }
        _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_TypeError,
                      "%U() got some positional-only arguments passed"
                      " as keyword arguments: '%U'",
                      FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_PTR_ACQUIRE(func->func_qualname),
                      error_names);
        Py_DECREF(error_names);
        goto fail;
    }

    Py_DECREF(posonly_names);
    return 0;

fail:
    Py_XDECREF(posonly_names);
    return 1;

}

static int
initialize_locals(PyThreadState *tstate, PyFunctionObject *func,
    _PyStackRef *localsplus, _PyStackRef const *args,
    Py_ssize_t argcount, PyObject *kwnames)
{
    PyCodeObject *co = (PyCodeObject*)func->func_code;
    const Py_ssize_t total_args = co->co_argcount + co->co_kwonlyargcount;
    /* Create a dictionary for keyword parameters (**kwags) */
    PyObject *kwdict;
    Py_ssize_t i;
    PyObject *first_argument = NULL;
    if (co->co_flags & CO_VARKEYWORDS) {
        kwdict = PyDict_New();
        if (kwdict == NULL) {
            goto fail_pre_positional;
        }
        i = total_args;
        if (co->co_flags & CO_VARARGS) {
            i++;
        }
        assert(PyStackRef_IsNull(localsplus[i]));
        localsplus[i] = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(kwdict);
    }
    else {
        kwdict = NULL;
    }

    if (argcount > co->co_argcount && !(co->co_flags & CO_VARARGS)) {
        first_argument = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectNew(args[0]);
    }

    /* Copy all positional arguments into local variables */
    Py_ssize_t j, n;
    if (argcount > co->co_argcount) {
        n = co->co_argcount;
    }
    else {
        n = argcount;
    }
    for (j = 0; j < n; j++) {
        assert(PyStackRef_IsNull(localsplus[j]));
        localsplus[j] = args[j];
    }

    /* Pack other positional arguments into the *args argument */
    if (co->co_flags & CO_VARARGS) {
        PyObject *u = NULL;
        if (argcount == n) {
            u = (PyObject *)&_Py_SINGLETON(tuple_empty);
        }
        else {
            u = _PyTuple_FromStackRefStealOnSuccess(args + n, argcount - n);
            if (u == NULL) {
                for (Py_ssize_t i = n; i < argcount; i++) {
                    PyStackRef_CLOSE(args[i]);
                }
            }
        }
        if (u == NULL) {
            goto fail_post_positional;
        }
        assert(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(localsplus[total_args]) == NULL);
        localsplus[total_args] = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(u);
    }
    else if (argcount > n) {
        /* Too many positional args. Error is reported later */
        for (j = n; j < argcount; j++) {
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(args[j]);
        }
    }

    /* Handle keyword arguments */
    if (kwnames != NULL) {
        Py_ssize_t kwcount = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(kwnames);
        for (i = 0; i < kwcount; i++) {
            PyObject **co_varnames;
            PyObject *keyword = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(kwnames, i);
            _PyStackRef value_stackref = args[i+argcount];
            Py_ssize_t j;

            if (keyword == NULL || !PyUnicode_Check(keyword)) {
                _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_TypeError,
                              "%U() keywords must be strings",
                              FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_PTR_ACQUIRE(func->func_qualname));
                goto kw_fail;
            }

            /* Speed hack: do raw pointer compares. As names are
            normally interned this should almost always hit. */
            co_varnames = ((PyTupleObject *)(co->co_localsplusnames))->ob_item;
            for (j = co->co_posonlyargcount; j < total_args; j++) {
                PyObject *varname = co_varnames[j];
                if (varname == keyword) {
                    goto kw_found;
                }
            }

            /* Slow fallback, just in case */
            for (j = co->co_posonlyargcount; j < total_args; j++) {
                PyObject *varname = co_varnames[j];
                int cmp = PyObject_RichCompareBool( keyword, varname, Py_EQ);
                if (cmp > 0) {
                    goto kw_found;
                }
                else if (cmp < 0) {
                    goto kw_fail;
                }
            }

            assert(j >= total_args);
            if (kwdict == NULL) {

                if (co->co_posonlyargcount
                    && positional_only_passed_as_keyword(tstate, co,
                                                        kwcount, kwnames,
                                                        func))
                {
                    goto kw_fail;
                }

                PyObject* suggestion_keyword = NULL;
                if (total_args > co->co_posonlyargcount) {
                    PyObject* possible_keywords = PyList_New(total_args - co->co_posonlyargcount);

                    if (!possible_keywords) {
                        PyErr_Clear();
                    } else {
                        for (Py_ssize_t k = co->co_posonlyargcount; k < total_args; k++) {
                            PyList_SET_ITEM(possible_keywords, k - co->co_posonlyargcount, co_varnames[k]);
                        }

                        suggestion_keyword = _Py_CalculateSuggestions(possible_keywords, keyword);
                        Py_DECREF(possible_keywords);
                    }
                }

                PyObject *qualname = FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_PTR_ACQUIRE(func->func_qualname);
                if (suggestion_keyword) {
                    _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_TypeError,
                                "%U() got an unexpected keyword argument '%S'. Did you mean '%S'?",
                                qualname, keyword, suggestion_keyword);
                    Py_DECREF(suggestion_keyword);
                } else {
                    _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_TypeError,
                                "%U() got an unexpected keyword argument '%S'",
                                qualname, keyword);
                }

                goto kw_fail;
            }

            if (PyDict_SetItem(kwdict, keyword, PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(value_stackref)) == -1) {
                goto kw_fail;
            }
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(value_stackref);
            continue;

        kw_fail:
            for (;i < kwcount; i++) {
                PyStackRef_CLOSE(args[i+argcount]);
            }
            goto fail_post_args;

        kw_found:
            if (PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(localsplus[j]) != NULL) {
                _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_TypeError,
                              "%U() got multiple values for argument '%S'",
                              FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_PTR_ACQUIRE(func->func_qualname),
                              keyword);
                goto kw_fail;
            }
            localsplus[j] = value_stackref;
        }
    }

    /* Check the number of positional arguments */
    if ((argcount > co->co_argcount) && !(co->co_flags & CO_VARARGS)) {
        int missing_self_hint = suggest_missing_self(func, co, first_argument, argcount);
        too_many_positional(tstate, co, argcount, func->func_defaults, localsplus,
                            FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_PTR_ACQUIRE(func->func_qualname),
                            missing_self_hint);
        goto fail_post_args;
    }

    /* Add missing positional arguments (copy default values from defs) */
    if (argcount < co->co_argcount) {
        Py_ssize_t defcount = func->func_defaults == NULL ? 0 : PyTuple_GET_SIZE(func->func_defaults);
        Py_ssize_t m = co->co_argcount - defcount;
        Py_ssize_t missing = 0;
        for (i = argcount; i < m; i++) {
            if (PyStackRef_IsNull(localsplus[i])) {
                missing++;
            }
        }
        if (missing) {
            missing_arguments(tstate, co, missing, defcount, localsplus,
                              FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_PTR_ACQUIRE(func->func_qualname));
            goto fail_post_args;
        }
        if (n > m)
            i = n - m;
        else
            i = 0;
        if (defcount) {
            PyObject **defs = &PyTuple_GET_ITEM(func->func_defaults, 0);
            for (; i < defcount; i++) {
                if (PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(localsplus[m+i]) == NULL) {
                    PyObject *def = defs[i];
                    localsplus[m+i] = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectNew(def);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /* Add missing keyword arguments (copy default values from kwdefs) */
    if (co->co_kwonlyargcount > 0) {
        Py_ssize_t missing = 0;
        for (i = co->co_argcount; i < total_args; i++) {
            if (PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(localsplus[i]) != NULL)
                continue;
            PyObject *varname = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(co->co_localsplusnames, i);
            if (func->func_kwdefaults != NULL) {
                PyObject *def;
                if (PyDict_GetItemRef(func->func_kwdefaults, varname, &def) < 0) {
                    goto fail_post_args;
                }
                if (def) {
                    localsplus[i] = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(def);
                    continue;
                }
            }
            missing++;
        }
        if (missing) {
            missing_arguments(tstate, co, missing, -1, localsplus,
                              FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_PTR_ACQUIRE(func->func_qualname));
            goto fail_post_args;
        }
    }
    Py_XDECREF(first_argument);
    return 0;

fail_pre_positional:
    for (j = 0; j < argcount; j++) {
        PyStackRef_CLOSE(args[j]);
    }
    /* fall through */
fail_post_positional:
    if (kwnames) {
        Py_ssize_t kwcount = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(kwnames);
        for (j = argcount; j < argcount+kwcount; j++) {
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(args[j]);
        }
    }
    /* fall through */
fail_post_args:
    Py_XDECREF(first_argument);
    return -1;
}

static void
clear_thread_frame(PyThreadState *tstate, _PyInterpreterFrame * frame)
{
    assert(frame->owner == FRAME_OWNED_BY_THREAD);
    // Make sure that this is, indeed, the top frame. We can't check this in
    // _PyThreadState_PopFrame, since f_code is already cleared at that point:
    assert((PyObject **)frame + _PyFrame_GetCode(frame)->co_framesize ==
        tstate->datastack_top);
    assert(frame->frame_obj == NULL || frame->frame_obj->f_frame == frame);
    _PyFrame_ClearExceptCode(frame);
    PyStackRef_CLEAR(frame->f_executable);
    _PyThreadState_PopFrame(tstate, frame);
}

static void
clear_gen_frame(PyThreadState *tstate, _PyInterpreterFrame * frame)
{
    assert(frame->owner == FRAME_OWNED_BY_GENERATOR);
    PyGenObject *gen = _PyGen_GetGeneratorFromFrame(frame);
    FT_ATOMIC_STORE_INT8_RELEASE(gen->gi_frame_state, FRAME_CLEARED);
    assert(tstate->exc_info == &gen->gi_exc_state);
    tstate->exc_info = gen->gi_exc_state.previous_item;
    gen->gi_exc_state.previous_item = NULL;
    frame->previous = NULL;
    Py_BEGIN_CRITICAL_SECTION(gen);
    assert(frame->frame_obj == NULL || frame->frame_obj->f_frame == frame);
    _PyFrame_ClearExceptCode(frame);
    Py_END_CRITICAL_SECTION();
    _PyErr_ClearExcState(&gen->gi_exc_state);
    // gh-143939: There must not be any escaping calls between setting
    // the generator return kind and returning from _PyEval_EvalFrame.
    ((_PyThreadStateImpl *)tstate)->generator_return_kind = GENERATOR_RETURN;
}

void
_PyEval_FrameClearAndPop(PyThreadState *tstate, _PyInterpreterFrame * frame)
{
    // By this point, tstate->current_frame is already set to the parent frame.
    _PyThreadState_UpdateLastProfiledFrame(tstate, frame, tstate->current_frame);

    if (frame->owner == FRAME_OWNED_BY_THREAD) {
        clear_thread_frame(tstate, frame);
    }
    else {
        clear_gen_frame(tstate, frame);
    }
}

/* Consumes references to func, locals and all the args */
_PyInterpreterFrame *
_PyEvalFramePushAndInit(PyThreadState *tstate, _PyStackRef func,
                        PyObject *locals, _PyStackRef const* args,
                        size_t argcount, PyObject *kwnames, _PyInterpreterFrame *previous)
{
    PyFunctionObject *func_obj = (PyFunctionObject *)PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(func);
    PyCodeObject * code = (PyCodeObject *)func_obj->func_code;
    CALL_STAT_INC(frames_pushed);
    _PyInterpreterFrame *frame = _PyThreadState_PushFrame(tstate, code->co_framesize);
    if (frame == NULL) {
        goto fail;
    }
    _PyFrame_Initialize(tstate, frame, func, locals, code, 0, previous);
    if (initialize_locals(tstate, func_obj, frame->localsplus, args, argcount, kwnames)) {
        assert(frame->owner == FRAME_OWNED_BY_THREAD);
        _PyThreadState_UpdateLastProfiledFrame(tstate, frame, tstate->current_frame);
        clear_thread_frame(tstate, frame);
        return NULL;
    }
    return frame;
fail:
    /* Consume the references */
    PyStackRef_CLOSE(func);
    Py_XDECREF(locals);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < argcount; i++) {
        PyStackRef_CLOSE(args[i]);
    }
    if (kwnames) {
        Py_ssize_t kwcount = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(kwnames);
        for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < kwcount; i++) {
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(args[i+argcount]);
        }
    }
    PyErr_NoMemory();
    return NULL;
}

/* Same as _PyEvalFramePushAndInit but takes an args tuple and kwargs dict.
   Steals references to func, callargs and kwargs.
*/
_PyInterpreterFrame *
_PyEvalFramePushAndInit_Ex(PyThreadState *tstate, _PyStackRef func,
    PyObject *locals, Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject *callargs, PyObject *kwargs, _PyInterpreterFrame *previous)
{
    bool has_dict = (kwargs != NULL && PyDict_GET_SIZE(kwargs) > 0);
    PyObject *kwnames = NULL;
    _PyStackRef *newargs;
    PyObject *const *object_array = NULL;
    _PyStackRef stack_array[8] = {0};
    if (has_dict) {
        object_array = _PyStack_UnpackDict(tstate, _PyTuple_ITEMS(callargs), nargs, kwargs, &kwnames);
        if (object_array == NULL) {
            PyStackRef_CLOSE(func);
            goto error;
        }
        size_t nkwargs = PyDict_GET_SIZE(kwargs);
        assert(sizeof(PyObject *) == sizeof(_PyStackRef));
        newargs = (_PyStackRef *)object_array;
        /* Positional args are borrowed from callargs tuple, need new reference */
        for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < nargs; i++) {
            newargs[i] = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectNew(object_array[i]);
        }
        /* Keyword args are owned by _PyStack_UnpackDict, steal them */
        for (size_t i = 0; i < nkwargs; i++) {
            newargs[nargs + i] = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(object_array[nargs + i]);
        }
    }
    else {
        if (nargs <= 8) {
            newargs = stack_array;
        }
        else {
            newargs = PyMem_Malloc(sizeof(_PyStackRef) *nargs);
            if (newargs == NULL) {
                PyErr_NoMemory();
                PyStackRef_CLOSE(func);
                goto error;
            }
        }
        /* We need to create a new reference for all our args since the new frame steals them. */
        for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < nargs; i++) {
            newargs[i] = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectNew(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(callargs, i));
        }
    }
    _PyInterpreterFrame *new_frame = _PyEvalFramePushAndInit(
        tstate, func, locals,
        newargs, nargs, kwnames, previous
    );
    if (has_dict) {
        _PyStack_UnpackDict_FreeNoDecRef(object_array, kwnames);
    }
    else if (nargs > 8) {
       PyMem_Free((void *)newargs);
    }
    /* No need to decref func here because the reference has been stolen by
       _PyEvalFramePushAndInit.
    */
    Py_DECREF(callargs);
    Py_XDECREF(kwargs);
    return new_frame;
error:
    Py_DECREF(callargs);
    Py_XDECREF(kwargs);
    return NULL;
}

PyObject *
_PyEval_Vector(PyThreadState *tstate, PyFunctionObject *func,
               PyObject *locals,
               PyObject* const* args, size_t argcount,
               PyObject *kwnames)
{
    size_t total_args = argcount;
    if (kwnames) {
        total_args += PyTuple_GET_SIZE(kwnames);
    }
    _PyStackRef stack_array[8] = {0};
    _PyStackRef *arguments;
    if (total_args <= 8) {
        arguments = stack_array;
    }
    else {
        arguments = PyMem_Malloc(sizeof(_PyStackRef) * total_args);
        if (arguments == NULL) {
            return PyErr_NoMemory();
        }
    }
    /* _PyEvalFramePushAndInit consumes the references
     * to func, locals and all its arguments */
    Py_XINCREF(locals);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < total_args; i++) {
        arguments[i] = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectNew(args[i]);
    }
    _PyInterpreterFrame *frame = _PyEvalFramePushAndInit(
        tstate, PyStackRef_FromPyObjectNew(func), locals,
        arguments, argcount, kwnames, NULL);
    if (total_args > 8) {
        PyMem_Free(arguments);
    }
    if (frame == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }
    EVAL_CALL_STAT_INC(EVAL_CALL_VECTOR);
    return _PyEval_EvalFrame(tstate, frame, 0);
}

/* Legacy API */
PyObject *
PyEval_EvalCodeEx(PyObject *_co, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals,
                  PyObject *const *args, int argcount,
                  PyObject *const *kws, int kwcount,
                  PyObject *const *defs, int defcount,
                  PyObject *kwdefs, PyObject *closure)
{
    PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();
    PyObject *res = NULL;
    PyObject *defaults = PyTuple_FromArray(defs, defcount);
    if (defaults == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }
    PyObject *builtins = _PyDict_LoadBuiltinsFromGlobals(globals);
    if (builtins == NULL) {
        Py_DECREF(defaults);
        return NULL;
    }
    if (locals == NULL) {
        locals = globals;
    }
    PyObject *kwnames = NULL;
    PyObject *const *allargs;
    PyObject **newargs = NULL;
    PyFunctionObject *func = NULL;
    if (kwcount == 0) {
        allargs = args;
    }
    else {
        kwnames = PyTuple_New(kwcount);
        if (kwnames == NULL) {
            goto fail;
        }
        newargs = PyMem_Malloc(sizeof(PyObject *)*(kwcount+argcount));
        if (newargs == NULL) {
            goto fail;
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < argcount; i++) {
            newargs[i] = args[i];
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < kwcount; i++) {
            PyTuple_SET_ITEM(kwnames, i, Py_NewRef(kws[2*i]));
            newargs[argcount+i] = kws[2*i+1];
        }
        allargs = newargs;
    }
    PyFrameConstructor constr = {
        .fc_globals = globals,
        .fc_builtins = builtins,
        .fc_name = ((PyCodeObject *)_co)->co_name,
        .fc_qualname = ((PyCodeObject *)_co)->co_name,
        .fc_code = _co,
        .fc_defaults = defaults,
        .fc_kwdefaults = kwdefs,
        .fc_closure = closure
    };
    func = _PyFunction_FromConstructor(&constr);
    if (func == NULL) {
        goto fail;
    }
    EVAL_CALL_STAT_INC(EVAL_CALL_LEGACY);
    res = _PyEval_Vector(tstate, func, locals,
                         allargs, argcount,
                         kwnames);
fail:
    Py_XDECREF(func);
    Py_XDECREF(kwnames);
    PyMem_Free(newargs);
    _Py_DECREF_BUILTINS(builtins);
    Py_DECREF(defaults);
    return res;
}

/* Logic for matching an exception in an except* clause (too
   complicated for inlining).
*/

int
_PyEval_ExceptionGroupMatch(_PyInterpreterFrame *frame, PyObject* exc_value,
                            PyObject *match_type, PyObject **match, PyObject **rest)
{
    if (Py_IsNone(exc_value)) {
        *match = Py_NewRef(Py_None);
        *rest = Py_NewRef(Py_None);
        return 0;
    }
    assert(PyExceptionInstance_Check(exc_value));

    if (PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(exc_value, match_type)) {
        /* Full match of exc itself */
        bool is_eg = _PyBaseExceptionGroup_Check(exc_value);
        if (is_eg) {
            *match = Py_NewRef(exc_value);
        }
        else {
            /* naked exception - wrap it */
            PyObject *excs = PyTuple_Pack(1, exc_value);
            if (excs == NULL) {
                return -1;
            }
            PyObject *wrapped = _PyExc_CreateExceptionGroup("", excs);
            Py_DECREF(excs);
            if (wrapped == NULL) {
                return -1;
            }
            PyFrameObject *f = _PyFrame_GetFrameObject(frame);
            if (f == NULL) {
                Py_DECREF(wrapped);
                return -1;
            }

            PyObject *tb = _PyTraceBack_FromFrame(NULL, f);
            if (tb == NULL) {
                Py_DECREF(wrapped);
                return -1;
            }
            PyException_SetTraceback(wrapped, tb);
            Py_DECREF(tb);

            *match = wrapped;
        }
        *rest = Py_NewRef(Py_None);
        return 0;
    }

    /* exc_value does not match match_type.
     * Check for partial match if it's an exception group.
     */
    if (_PyBaseExceptionGroup_Check(exc_value)) {
        PyObject *pair = PyObject_CallMethod(exc_value, "split", "(O)",
                                             match_type);
        if (pair == NULL) {
            return -1;
        }

        if (!PyTuple_CheckExact(pair)) {
            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                         "%.200s.split must return a tuple, not %.200s",
                         Py_TYPE(exc_value)->tp_name, Py_TYPE(pair)->tp_name);
            Py_DECREF(pair);
            return -1;
        }

        // allow tuples of length > 2 for backwards compatibility
        if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(pair) < 2) {
            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                         "%.200s.split must return a 2-tuple, "
                         "got tuple of size %zd",
                         Py_TYPE(exc_value)->tp_name, PyTuple_GET_SIZE(pair));
            Py_DECREF(pair);
            return -1;
        }

        *match = Py_NewRef(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(pair, 0));
        *rest = Py_NewRef(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(pair, 1));
        Py_DECREF(pair);
        return 0;
    }
    /* no match */
    *match = Py_NewRef(Py_None);
    *rest = Py_NewRef(exc_value);
    return 0;
}

/* Iterate v argcnt times and store the results on the stack (via decreasing
   sp).  Return 1 for success, 0 if error.

   If argcntafter == -1, do a simple unpack. If it is >= 0, do an unpack
   with a variable target.
*/

int
_PyEval_UnpackIterableStackRef(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject *v,
                       int argcnt, int argcntafter, _PyStackRef *sp)
{
    int i = 0, j = 0;
    Py_ssize_t ll = 0;
    PyObject *it;  /* iter(v) */
    PyObject *w;
    PyObject *l = NULL; /* variable list */
    assert(v != NULL);

    it = PyObject_GetIter(v);
    if (it == NULL) {
        if (_PyErr_ExceptionMatches(tstate, PyExc_TypeError) &&
            Py_TYPE(v)->tp_iter == NULL && !PySequence_Check(v))
        {
            _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_TypeError,
                          "cannot unpack non-iterable %.200s object",
                          Py_TYPE(v)->tp_name);
        }
        return 0;
    }

    for (; i < argcnt; i++) {
        w = PyIter_Next(it);
        if (w == NULL) {
            /* Iterator done, via error or exhaustion. */
            if (!_PyErr_Occurred(tstate)) {
                if (argcntafter == -1) {
                    _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_ValueError,
                                  "not enough values to unpack "
                                  "(expected %d, got %d)",
                                  argcnt, i);
                }
                else {
                    _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_ValueError,
                                  "not enough values to unpack "
                                  "(expected at least %d, got %d)",
                                  argcnt + argcntafter, i);
                }
            }
            goto Error;
        }
        *--sp = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(w);
    }

    if (argcntafter == -1) {
        /* We better have exhausted the iterator now. */
        w = PyIter_Next(it);
        if (w == NULL) {
            if (_PyErr_Occurred(tstate))
                goto Error;
            Py_DECREF(it);
            return 1;
        }
        Py_DECREF(w);

        if (PyList_CheckExact(v) || PyTuple_CheckExact(v)
              || PyDict_CheckExact(v)) {
            ll = PyDict_CheckExact(v) ? PyDict_Size(v) : Py_SIZE(v);
            if (ll > argcnt) {
                _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_ValueError,
                              "too many values to unpack (expected %d, got %zd)",
                              argcnt, ll);
                goto Error;
            }
        }
        _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_ValueError,
                      "too many values to unpack (expected %d)",
                      argcnt);
        goto Error;
    }

    l = PySequence_List(it);
    if (l == NULL)
        goto Error;
    *--sp = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(l);
    i++;

    ll = PyList_GET_SIZE(l);
    if (ll < argcntafter) {
        _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_ValueError,
            "not enough values to unpack (expected at least %d, got %zd)",
            argcnt + argcntafter, argcnt + ll);
        goto Error;
    }

    /* Pop the "after-variable" args off the list. */
    for (j = argcntafter; j > 0; j--, i++) {
        *--sp = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(PyList_GET_ITEM(l, ll - j));
    }
    /* Resize the list. */
    Py_SET_SIZE(l, ll - argcntafter);
    Py_DECREF(it);
    return 1;

Error:
    for (; i > 0; i--, sp++) {
        PyStackRef_CLOSE(*sp);
    }
    Py_XDECREF(it);
    return 0;
}



void
_PyEval_MonitorRaise(PyThreadState *tstate, _PyInterpreterFrame *frame,
              _Py_CODEUNIT *instr)
{
    if (no_tools_for_local_event(tstate, frame, PY_MONITORING_EVENT_RAISE)) {
        return;
    }
    do_monitor_exc(tstate, frame, instr, PY_MONITORING_EVENT_RAISE);
}

bool
_PyEval_NoToolsForUnwind(PyThreadState *tstate, _PyInterpreterFrame *frame)
{
    return no_tools_for_local_event(tstate, frame, PY_MONITORING_EVENT_PY_UNWIND);
}


void
PyThreadState_EnterTracing(PyThreadState *tstate)
{
    assert(tstate->tracing >= 0);
    tstate->tracing++;
}

void
PyThreadState_LeaveTracing(PyThreadState *tstate)
{
    assert(tstate->tracing > 0);
    tstate->tracing--;
}


PyObject*
_PyEval_CallTracing(PyObject *func, PyObject *args)
{
    // Save and disable tracing
    PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();
    int save_tracing = tstate->tracing;
    tstate->tracing = 0;

    // Call the tracing function
    PyObject *result = PyObject_Call(func, args, NULL);

    // Restore tracing
    tstate->tracing = save_tracing;
    return result;
}

void
PyEval_SetProfile(Py_tracefunc func, PyObject *arg)
{
    PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();
    if (_PyEval_SetProfile(tstate, func, arg) < 0) {
        /* Log _PySys_Audit() error */
        PyErr_FormatUnraisable("Exception ignored in PyEval_SetProfile");
    }
}

void
PyEval_SetProfileAllThreads(Py_tracefunc func, PyObject *arg)
{
    PyInterpreterState *interp = _PyInterpreterState_GET();
    if (_PyEval_SetProfileAllThreads(interp, func, arg) < 0) {
        /* Log _PySys_Audit() error */
        PyErr_FormatUnraisable("Exception ignored in PyEval_SetProfileAllThreads");
    }
}

void
PyEval_SetTrace(Py_tracefunc func, PyObject *arg)
{
    PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();
    if (_PyEval_SetTrace(tstate, func, arg) < 0) {
        /* Log _PySys_Audit() error */
        PyErr_FormatUnraisable("Exception ignored in PyEval_SetTrace");
    }
}

void
PyEval_SetTraceAllThreads(Py_tracefunc func, PyObject *arg)
{
    PyInterpreterState *interp = _PyInterpreterState_GET();
    if (_PyEval_SetTraceAllThreads(interp, func, arg) < 0) {
        /* Log _PySys_Audit() error */
        PyErr_FormatUnraisable("Exception ignored in PyEval_SetTraceAllThreads");
    }
}

int
_PyEval_SetCoroutineOriginTrackingDepth(int depth)
{
    PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();
    if (depth < 0) {
        _PyErr_SetString(tstate, PyExc_ValueError, "depth must be >= 0");
        return -1;
    }
    tstate->coroutine_origin_tracking_depth = depth;
    return 0;
}


int
_PyEval_GetCoroutineOriginTrackingDepth(void)
{
    PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();
    return tstate->coroutine_origin_tracking_depth;
}

int
_PyEval_SetAsyncGenFirstiter(PyObject *firstiter)
{
    PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();

    if (_PySys_Audit(tstate, "sys.set_asyncgen_hook_firstiter", NULL) < 0) {
        return -1;
    }

    Py_XSETREF(tstate->async_gen_firstiter, Py_XNewRef(firstiter));
    return 0;
}

PyObject *
_PyEval_GetAsyncGenFirstiter(void)
{
    PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();
    return tstate->async_gen_firstiter;
}

int
_PyEval_SetAsyncGenFinalizer(PyObject *finalizer)
{
    PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();

    if (_PySys_Audit(tstate, "sys.set_asyncgen_hook_finalizer", NULL) < 0) {
        return -1;
    }

    Py_XSETREF(tstate->async_gen_finalizer, Py_XNewRef(finalizer));
    return 0;
}

PyObject *
_PyEval_GetAsyncGenFinalizer(void)
{
    PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();
    return tstate->async_gen_finalizer;
}

_PyInterpreterFrame *
_PyEval_GetFrame(void)
{
    PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();
    return _PyThreadState_GetFrame(tstate);
}

PyFrameObject *
PyEval_GetFrame(void)
{
    _PyInterpreterFrame *frame = _PyEval_GetFrame();
    if (frame == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }
    PyFrameObject *f = _PyFrame_GetFrameObject(frame);
    if (f == NULL) {
        PyErr_Clear();
    }
    return f;
}

PyObject *
_PyEval_GetBuiltins(PyThreadState *tstate)
{
    _PyInterpreterFrame *frame = _PyThreadState_GetFrame(tstate);
    if (frame != NULL) {
        return frame->f_builtins;
    }
    return tstate->interp->builtins;
}

PyObject *
PyEval_GetBuiltins(void)
{
    PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();
    return _PyEval_GetBuiltins(tstate);
}

/* Convenience function to get a builtin from its name */
PyObject *
_PyEval_GetBuiltin(PyObject *name)
{
    PyObject *attr;
    if (PyMapping_GetOptionalItem(PyEval_GetBuiltins(), name, &attr) == 0) {
        PyErr_SetObject(PyExc_AttributeError, name);
    }
    return attr;
}

PyObject *
PyEval_GetLocals(void)
{
    // We need to return a borrowed reference here, so some tricks are needed
    PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();
     _PyInterpreterFrame *current_frame = _PyThreadState_GetFrame(tstate);
    if (current_frame == NULL) {
        _PyErr_SetString(tstate, PyExc_SystemError, "frame does not exist");
        return NULL;
    }

    // Be aware that this returns a new reference
    PyObject *locals = _PyFrame_GetLocals(current_frame);

    if (locals == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }

    if (PyFrameLocalsProxy_Check(locals)) {
        PyFrameObject *f = _PyFrame_GetFrameObject(current_frame);
        if (f == NULL) {
            Py_DECREF(locals);
            return NULL;
        }

        PyObject *ret = f->f_locals_cache;
        if (ret == NULL) {
            ret = PyDict_New();
            if (ret == NULL) {
                Py_DECREF(locals);
                return NULL;
            }
            f->f_locals_cache = ret;
        }
        if (PyDict_Update(ret, locals) < 0) {
            // At this point, if the cache dict is broken, it will stay broken, as
            // trying to clean it up or replace it will just cause other problems
            ret = NULL;
        }
        Py_DECREF(locals);
        return ret;
    }

    assert(PyMapping_Check(locals));
    assert(Py_REFCNT(locals) > 1);
    Py_DECREF(locals);

    return locals;
}

PyObject *
_PyEval_GetFrameLocals(void)
{
    PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();
     _PyInterpreterFrame *current_frame = _PyThreadState_GetFrame(tstate);
    if (current_frame == NULL) {
        _PyErr_SetString(tstate, PyExc_SystemError, "frame does not exist");
        return NULL;
    }

    PyObject *locals = _PyFrame_GetLocals(current_frame);
    if (locals == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }

    if (PyFrameLocalsProxy_Check(locals)) {
        PyObject* ret = PyDict_New();
        if (ret == NULL) {
            Py_DECREF(locals);
            return NULL;
        }
        if (PyDict_Update(ret, locals) < 0) {
            Py_DECREF(ret);
            Py_DECREF(locals);
            return NULL;
        }
        Py_DECREF(locals);
        return ret;
    }

    assert(PyMapping_Check(locals));
    return locals;
}

static PyObject *
_PyEval_GetGlobals(PyThreadState *tstate)
{
    _PyInterpreterFrame *current_frame = _PyThreadState_GetFrame(tstate);
    if (current_frame == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }
    return current_frame->f_globals;
}

PyObject *
PyEval_GetGlobals(void)
{
    PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();
    return _PyEval_GetGlobals(tstate);
}

PyObject *
_PyEval_GetGlobalsFromRunningMain(PyThreadState *tstate)
{
    if (!_PyInterpreterState_IsRunningMain(tstate->interp)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    PyObject *mod = _Py_GetMainModule(tstate);
    if (_Py_CheckMainModule(mod) < 0) {
        Py_XDECREF(mod);
        return NULL;
    }
    PyObject *globals = PyModule_GetDict(mod);  // borrowed
    Py_DECREF(mod);
    return globals;
}

static PyObject *
get_globals_builtins(PyObject *globals)
{
    PyObject *builtins = NULL;
    if (PyAnyDict_Check(globals)) {
        if (PyDict_GetItemRef(globals, &_Py_ID(__builtins__), &builtins) < 0) {
            return NULL;
        }
    }
    else {
        if (PyMapping_GetOptionalItem(
                        globals, &_Py_ID(__builtins__), &builtins) < 0)
        {
            return NULL;
        }
    }
    return builtins;
}

static int
set_globals_builtins(PyObject *globals, PyObject *builtins)
{
    if (PyDict_Check(globals)) {
        if (PyDict_SetItem(globals, &_Py_ID(__builtins__), builtins) < 0) {
            return -1;
        }
    }
    else {
        if (PyObject_SetItem(globals, &_Py_ID(__builtins__), builtins) < 0) {
            if (PyFrozenDict_Check(globals)) {
                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                                "cannot assign __builtins__ to frozendict globals");
            }
            return -1;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

int
_PyEval_EnsureBuiltins(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject *globals,
                       PyObject **p_builtins)
{
    PyObject *builtins = get_globals_builtins(globals);
    if (builtins == NULL) {
        if (_PyErr_Occurred(tstate)) {
            return -1;
        }
        builtins = PyEval_GetBuiltins();  // borrowed
        if (builtins == NULL) {
            assert(_PyErr_Occurred(tstate));
            return -1;
        }
        Py_INCREF(builtins);
        if (set_globals_builtins(globals, builtins) < 0) {
            Py_DECREF(builtins);
            return -1;
        }
    }
    if (p_builtins != NULL) {
        *p_builtins = builtins;
    }
    else {
        Py_DECREF(builtins);
    }
    return 0;
}

int
_PyEval_EnsureBuiltinsWithModule(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject *globals,
                                 PyObject **p_builtins)
{
    PyObject *builtins = get_globals_builtins(globals);
    if (builtins == NULL) {
        if (_PyErr_Occurred(tstate)) {
            return -1;
        }
        builtins = PyImport_ImportModuleLevel("builtins", NULL, NULL, NULL, 0);
        if (builtins == NULL) {
            return -1;
        }
        if (set_globals_builtins(globals, builtins) < 0) {
            Py_DECREF(builtins);
            return -1;
        }
    }
    if (p_builtins != NULL) {
        *p_builtins = builtins;
    }
    else {
        Py_DECREF(builtins);
    }
    return 0;
}

PyObject*
PyEval_GetFrameLocals(void)
{
    return _PyEval_GetFrameLocals();
}

PyObject* PyEval_GetFrameGlobals(void)
{
    PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();
    _PyInterpreterFrame *current_frame = _PyThreadState_GetFrame(tstate);
    if (current_frame == NULL) {
        return NULL;
    }
    return Py_XNewRef(current_frame->f_globals);
}

PyObject* PyEval_GetFrameBuiltins(void)
{
    PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();
    return Py_XNewRef(_PyEval_GetBuiltins(tstate));
}

int
PyEval_MergeCompilerFlags(PyCompilerFlags *cf)
{
    PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();
    _PyInterpreterFrame *current_frame = tstate->current_frame;
    if (current_frame == tstate->base_frame) {
        current_frame = NULL;
    }
    int result = cf->cf_flags != 0;

    if (current_frame != NULL) {
        const int codeflags = _PyFrame_GetCode(current_frame)->co_flags;
        const int compilerflags = codeflags & PyCF_MASK;
        if (compilerflags) {
            result = 1;
            cf->cf_flags |= compilerflags;
        }
    }
    return result;
}

static const char *
functionobject_get_name(PyFunctionObject *f)
{
#ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
    for (;;) {
        PyObject *name = Py_NewRef(FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_PTR_ACQUIRE(f->func_name));
        // UTF-8 conversion may detach while acquiring the string's lock.
        // This could result in func_name being freed if func_name was
        // recently replaced using _PyObject_XSetRefDelayed().  The returned
        // char* is only valid until the next quiescent point.
        const char *result = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(name);
        if (result == NULL) {
            Py_DECREF(name);
            return NULL;
        }
        int unchanged = name == FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_PTR_ACQUIRE(f->func_name);
        Py_DECREF(name);
        if (unchanged) {
            return result;
        }
    }
#else
    return PyUnicode_AsUTF8(f->func_name);
#endif
}

const char *
PyEval_GetFuncName(PyObject *func)
{
    if (PyMethod_Check(func))
        return PyEval_GetFuncName(PyMethod_GET_FUNCTION(func));
    else if (PyFunction_Check(func)) {
        return functionobject_get_name((PyFunctionObject *)func);
    }
    else if (PyCFunction_Check(func))
        return ((PyCFunctionObject*)func)->m_ml->ml_name;
    else
        return Py_TYPE(func)->tp_name;
}

const char *
PyEval_GetFuncDesc(PyObject *func)
{
    if (PyMethod_Check(func))
        return "()";
    else if (PyFunction_Check(func))
        return "()";
    else if (PyCFunction_Check(func))
        return "()";
    else
        return " object";
}

/* Extract a slice index from a PyLong or an object with the
   nb_index slot defined, and store in *pi.
   Silently reduce values larger than PY_SSIZE_T_MAX to PY_SSIZE_T_MAX,
   and silently boost values less than PY_SSIZE_T_MIN to PY_SSIZE_T_MIN.
   Return 0 on error, 1 on success.
*/
int
_PyEval_SliceIndex(PyObject *v, Py_ssize_t *pi)
{
    if (Py_IsNone(v)) {
        return 1;
    }
    return _PyEval_SliceIndexNotNone(v, pi);
}

int
_PyEval_SliceIndexNotNone(PyObject *v, Py_ssize_t *pi)
{
    PyThreadState *tstate = _PyThreadState_GET();
    Py_ssize_t x;
    if (PyLong_CheckExact(v) && _PyLong_IsCompact((PyLongObject *)v)) {
        *pi = _PyLong_CompactValue((PyLongObject *)v);
        return 1;
    }
    if (_PyIndex_Check(v)) {
        x = PyNumber_AsSsize_t(v, NULL);
        if (x == -1 && _PyErr_Occurred(tstate))
            return 0;
    }
    else {
        _PyErr_SetString(tstate, PyExc_TypeError,
                         "slice indices must be integers or "
                         "have an __index__ method");
        return 0;
    }
    *pi = x;
    return 1;
}

int
_PyEval_UnpackIndices(PyObject *start, PyObject *stop,
                      Py_ssize_t len,
                      Py_ssize_t *istart, Py_ssize_t *istop)
{
    if (len < 0) {
        return 0;
    }
    *istart = 0;
    *istop = PY_SSIZE_T_MAX;
    if (!_PyEval_SliceIndex(start, istart)) {
        return 0;
    }
    if (!_PyEval_SliceIndex(stop, istop)) {
        return 0;
    }
    PySlice_AdjustIndices(len, istart, istop, 1);
    return 1;
}

PyObject *
_PyEval_ImportName(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject *builtins,
            PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals, PyObject *name,
            PyObject *fromlist, PyObject *level)
{
    PyObject *import_func;
    if (PyMapping_GetOptionalItem(builtins, &_Py_ID(__import__),
                                  &import_func) < 0) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (import_func == NULL) {
        _PyErr_SetString(tstate, PyExc_ImportError, "__import__ not found");
        return NULL;
    }

    PyObject *res = _PyEval_ImportNameWithImport(
        tstate, import_func, globals, locals, name, fromlist, level);
    Py_DECREF(import_func);
    return res;
}

PyObject *
_PyEval_ImportNameWithImport(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject *import_func,
                             PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals,
                             PyObject *name, PyObject *fromlist, PyObject *level)
{
    if (locals == NULL) {
        locals = Py_None;
    }

    /* Fast path for not overloaded __import__. */
    if (_PyImport_IsDefaultImportFunc(tstate->interp, import_func)) {
        int ilevel = PyLong_AsInt(level);
        if (ilevel == -1 && _PyErr_Occurred(tstate)) {
            return NULL;
        }
        return PyImport_ImportModuleLevelObject(
                        name,
                        globals,
                        locals,
                        fromlist,
                        ilevel);
    }

    PyObject *args[5] = {name, globals, locals, fromlist, level};
    PyObject *res = PyObject_Vectorcall(import_func, args, 5, NULL);
    return res;
}

static int
check_lazy_import_compatibility(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject *globals,
                               PyObject *name, PyObject *level)
{
     // Check if this module should be imported lazily due to
     // the compatibility mode support via __lazy_modules__.
    PyObject *lazy_modules = NULL;
    PyObject *abs_name = NULL;
    int res = -1;

    if (globals != NULL &&
        PyMapping_GetOptionalItem(globals, &_Py_ID(__lazy_modules__),
                                  &lazy_modules) < 0)
    {
        return -1;
    }
    if (lazy_modules == NULL) {
        assert(!PyErr_Occurred());
        return 0;
    }

    int ilevel = PyLong_AsInt(level);
    if (ilevel == -1 && _PyErr_Occurred(tstate)) {
        goto error;
    }

    abs_name = _PyImport_GetAbsName(tstate, name, globals, ilevel);
    if (abs_name == NULL) {
        goto error;
    }

    res = PySequence_Contains(lazy_modules, abs_name);
error:
    Py_XDECREF(abs_name);
    Py_XDECREF(lazy_modules);
    return res;
}

static int
is_lazy_import_module_level(void)
{
    _PyInterpreterFrame *frame = _PyEval_GetFrame();
    return frame != NULL && frame->f_globals == frame->f_locals;
}

PyObject *
_PyEval_LazyImportName(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject *builtins,
                       PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals, PyObject *name,
                       PyObject *fromlist, PyObject *level, int lazy)
{
    PyObject *res = NULL;
    // Check if global policy overrides the local syntax
    switch (PyImport_GetLazyImportsMode()) {
        case PyImport_LAZY_ALL:
            if (!lazy) {
                lazy = is_lazy_import_module_level();
            }
            break;
        case PyImport_LAZY_NORMAL:
            break;
    }

    if (!lazy) {
        // See if __lazy_modules__ forces this to be lazy.
        // __lazy_modules__ only applies at module level; exec() inside
        // functions or classes should remain eager.
        if (is_lazy_import_module_level()) {
            lazy = check_lazy_import_compatibility(tstate, globals, name, level);
            if (lazy < 0) {
                return NULL;
            }
        }
    }

    if (!lazy) {
        // Not a lazy import or lazy imports are disabled, fallback to the
        // regular import.
        return _PyEval_ImportName(tstate, builtins, globals, locals,
                                  name, fromlist, level);
    }

    PyObject *lazy_import_func;
    if (PyMapping_GetOptionalItem(builtins, &_Py_ID(__lazy_import__),
                                  &lazy_import_func) < 0) {
        goto error;
    }
    if (lazy_import_func == NULL) {
        assert(!PyErr_Occurred());
        _PyErr_SetString(tstate, PyExc_ImportError,
                         "__lazy_import__ not found");
        goto error;
    }

    if (locals == NULL) {
        locals = Py_None;
    }

    if (_PyImport_IsDefaultLazyImportFunc(tstate->interp, lazy_import_func)) {
        int ilevel = PyLong_AsInt(level);
        if (ilevel == -1 && PyErr_Occurred()) {
            goto error;
        }

        res = _PyImport_LazyImportModuleLevelObject(
            tstate, name, builtins, globals, locals, fromlist, ilevel
        );
        goto error;
    }

    PyObject *args[5] = {name, globals, locals, fromlist, level};
    res = PyObject_Vectorcall(lazy_import_func, args, 5, NULL);
error:
    Py_XDECREF(lazy_import_func);
    return res;
}

PyObject *
_PyEval_ImportFrom(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject *v, PyObject *name)
{
    PyObject *x;
    PyObject *fullmodname, *mod_name, *origin, *mod_name_or_unknown, *errmsg, *spec;

    if (PyObject_GetOptionalAttr(v, name, &x) != 0) {
        return x;
    }
    /* Issue #17636: in case this failed because of a circular relative
       import, try to fallback on reading the module directly from
       sys.modules. */
    if (PyObject_GetOptionalAttr(v, &_Py_ID(__name__), &mod_name) < 0) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (mod_name == NULL || !PyUnicode_Check(mod_name)) {
        Py_CLEAR(mod_name);
        goto error;
    }
    fullmodname = PyUnicode_FromFormat("%U.%U", mod_name, name);
    if (fullmodname == NULL) {
        Py_DECREF(mod_name);
        return NULL;
    }
    x = PyImport_GetModule(fullmodname);
    Py_DECREF(fullmodname);
    if (x == NULL && !_PyErr_Occurred(tstate)) {
        goto error;
    }
    Py_DECREF(mod_name);
    return x;

 error:
    if (mod_name == NULL) {
        mod_name_or_unknown = PyUnicode_FromString("<unknown module name>");
        if (mod_name_or_unknown == NULL) {
            return NULL;
        }
    } else {
        mod_name_or_unknown = mod_name;
    }
    // mod_name is no longer an owned reference
    assert(mod_name_or_unknown);
    assert(mod_name == NULL || mod_name == mod_name_or_unknown);

    origin = NULL;
    if (PyObject_GetOptionalAttr(v, &_Py_ID(__spec__), &spec) < 0) {
        Py_DECREF(mod_name_or_unknown);
        return NULL;
    }
    if (spec == NULL) {
        errmsg = PyUnicode_FromFormat(
            "cannot import name %R from %R (unknown location)",
            name, mod_name_or_unknown
        );
        goto done_with_errmsg;
    }
    if (_PyModuleSpec_GetFileOrigin(spec, &origin) < 0) {
        goto done;
    }

    int is_possibly_shadowing = _PyModule_IsPossiblyShadowing(origin);
    if (is_possibly_shadowing < 0) {
        goto done;
    }
    int is_possibly_shadowing_stdlib = 0;
    if (is_possibly_shadowing) {
        PyObject *stdlib_modules;
        if (PySys_GetOptionalAttrString("stdlib_module_names", &stdlib_modules) < 0) {
            goto done;
        }
        if (stdlib_modules && PyAnySet_Check(stdlib_modules)) {
            is_possibly_shadowing_stdlib = PySet_Contains(stdlib_modules, mod_name_or_unknown);
            if (is_possibly_shadowing_stdlib < 0) {
                Py_DECREF(stdlib_modules);
                goto done;
            }
        }
        Py_XDECREF(stdlib_modules);
    }

    if (origin == NULL && PyModule_Check(v)) {
        // Fall back to __file__ for diagnostics if we don't have
        // an origin that is a location
        origin = PyModule_GetFilenameObject(v);
        if (origin == NULL) {
            if (!PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_SystemError)) {
                goto done;
            }
            // PyModule_GetFilenameObject raised "module filename missing"
            _PyErr_Clear(tstate);
        }
        assert(origin == NULL || PyUnicode_Check(origin));
    }

    if (is_possibly_shadowing_stdlib) {
        assert(origin);
        errmsg = PyUnicode_FromFormat(
            "cannot import name %R from %R "
            "(consider renaming %R since it has the same "
            "name as the standard library module named %R "
            "and prevents importing that standard library module)",
            name, mod_name_or_unknown, origin, mod_name_or_unknown
        );
    }
    else {
        int rc = _PyModuleSpec_IsInitializing(spec);
        if (rc < 0) {
            goto done;
        }
        else if (rc > 0) {
            if (is_possibly_shadowing) {
                assert(origin);
                // For non-stdlib modules, only mention the possibility of
                // shadowing if the module is being initialized.
                errmsg = PyUnicode_FromFormat(
                    "cannot import name %R from %R "
                    "(consider renaming %R if it has the same name "
                    "as a library you intended to import)",
                    name, mod_name_or_unknown, origin
                );
            }
            else if (origin) {
                errmsg = PyUnicode_FromFormat(
                    "cannot import name %R from partially initialized module %R "
                    "(most likely due to a circular import) (%S)",
                    name, mod_name_or_unknown, origin
                );
            }
            else {
                errmsg = PyUnicode_FromFormat(
                    "cannot import name %R from partially initialized module %R "
                    "(most likely due to a circular import)",
                    name, mod_name_or_unknown
                );
            }
        }
        else {
            assert(rc == 0);
            if (origin) {
                errmsg = PyUnicode_FromFormat(
                    "cannot import name %R from %R (%S)",
                    name, mod_name_or_unknown, origin
                );
            }
            else {
                errmsg = PyUnicode_FromFormat(
                    "cannot import name %R from %R (unknown location)",
                    name, mod_name_or_unknown
                );
            }
        }
    }

done_with_errmsg:
    if (errmsg != NULL) {
        /* NULL checks for mod_name and origin done by _PyErr_SetImportErrorWithNameFrom */
        _PyErr_SetImportErrorWithNameFrom(errmsg, mod_name, origin, name);
        Py_DECREF(errmsg);
    }

done:
    Py_XDECREF(origin);
    Py_XDECREF(spec);
    Py_DECREF(mod_name_or_unknown);
    return NULL;
}

#define CANNOT_CATCH_MSG "catching classes that do not inherit from "\
                         "BaseException is not allowed"

#define CANNOT_EXCEPT_STAR_EG "catching ExceptionGroup with except* "\
                              "is not allowed. Use except instead."

int
_PyEval_CheckExceptTypeValid(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject* right)
{
    if (PyTuple_Check(right)) {
        Py_ssize_t i, length;
        length = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(right);
        for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
            PyObject *exc = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(right, i);
            if (!PyExceptionClass_Check(exc)) {
                _PyErr_SetString(tstate, PyExc_TypeError,
                    CANNOT_CATCH_MSG);
                return -1;
            }
        }
    }
    else {
        if (!PyExceptionClass_Check(right)) {
            _PyErr_SetString(tstate, PyExc_TypeError,
                CANNOT_CATCH_MSG);
            return -1;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

int
_PyEval_CheckExceptStarTypeValid(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject* right)
{
    if (_PyEval_CheckExceptTypeValid(tstate, right) < 0) {
        return -1;
    }

    /* reject except *ExceptionGroup */

    int is_subclass = 0;
    if (PyTuple_Check(right)) {
        Py_ssize_t length = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(right);
        for (Py_ssize_t i = 0; i < length; i++) {
            PyObject *exc = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(right, i);
            is_subclass = PyObject_IsSubclass(exc, PyExc_BaseExceptionGroup);
            if (is_subclass < 0) {
                return -1;
            }
            if (is_subclass) {
                break;
            }
        }
    }
    else {
        is_subclass = PyObject_IsSubclass(right, PyExc_BaseExceptionGroup);
        if (is_subclass < 0) {
            return -1;
        }
    }
    if (is_subclass) {
        _PyErr_SetString(tstate, PyExc_TypeError,
            CANNOT_EXCEPT_STAR_EG);
            return -1;
    }
    return 0;
}

int
_Py_Check_ArgsIterable(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject *func, PyObject *args)
{
    if (Py_TYPE(args)->tp_iter == NULL && !PySequence_Check(args)) {
        _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_TypeError,
                      "Value after * must be an iterable, not %.200s",
                      Py_TYPE(args)->tp_name);
        return -1;
    }
    return 0;
}

void
_PyEval_FormatKwargsError(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject *func, PyObject *kwargs, PyObject *dupkey)
{
    if (dupkey != NULL) {
        PyObject *funcstr = _PyObject_FunctionStr(func);
        _PyErr_Format(
            tstate, PyExc_TypeError,
            "%V got multiple values for keyword argument '%S'",
            funcstr, "function", dupkey);
        Py_XDECREF(funcstr);
        return;
    }
    /* _PyDict_MergeUniq raises attribute
     * error (percolated from an attempt
     * to get 'keys' attribute) instead of
     * a type error if its second argument
     * is not a mapping.
     */
    if (_PyErr_ExceptionMatches(tstate, PyExc_AttributeError)) {
        PyObject *exc = _PyErr_GetRaisedException(tstate);
        int has_keys = PyObject_HasAttrWithError(kwargs, &_Py_ID(keys));
        if (has_keys == 0) {
            _PyErr_Format(
                tstate, PyExc_TypeError,
                "Value after ** must be a mapping, not %T",
                kwargs);
            Py_DECREF(exc);
        }
        else {
            _PyErr_ChainExceptions1Tstate(tstate, exc);
        }
    }
}

void
_PyEval_FormatExcCheckArg(PyThreadState *tstate, PyObject *exc,
                          const char *format_str, PyObject *obj)
{
    const char *obj_str;

    if (!obj)
        return;

    obj_str = PyUnicode_AsUTF8(obj);
    if (!obj_str)
        return;

    _PyErr_Format(tstate, exc, format_str, obj_str);

    if (exc == PyExc_NameError) {
        // Include the name in the NameError exceptions to offer suggestions later.
        PyObject *exc = PyErr_GetRaisedException();
        if (PyErr_GivenExceptionMatches(exc, PyExc_NameError)) {
            if (((PyNameErrorObject*)exc)->name == NULL) {
                // We do not care if this fails because we are going to restore the
                // NameError anyway.
                (void)PyObject_SetAttr(exc, &_Py_ID(name), obj);
            }
        }
        PyErr_SetRaisedException(exc);
    }
}

void
_PyEval_FormatExcUnbound(PyThreadState *tstate, PyCodeObject *co, int oparg)
{
    PyObject *name;
    /* Don't stomp existing exception */
    if (_PyErr_Occurred(tstate))
        return;
    name = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(co->co_localsplusnames, oparg);
    if (oparg < PyUnstable_Code_GetFirstFree(co)) {
        _PyEval_FormatExcCheckArg(tstate, PyExc_UnboundLocalError,
                                  UNBOUNDLOCAL_ERROR_MSG, name);
    } else {
        _PyEval_FormatExcCheckArg(tstate, PyExc_NameError,
                                  UNBOUNDFREE_ERROR_MSG, name);
    }
}

void
_PyEval_FormatAwaitableError(PyThreadState *tstate, PyTypeObject *type, int oparg)
{
    if (type->tp_as_async == NULL || type->tp_as_async->am_await == NULL) {
        if (oparg == 1) {
            _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_TypeError,
                          "'async with' received an object from __aenter__ "
                          "that does not implement __await__: %.100s",
                          type->tp_name);
        }
        else if (oparg == 2) {
            _PyErr_Format(tstate, PyExc_TypeError,
                          "'async with' received an object from __aexit__ "
                          "that does not implement __await__: %.100s",
                          type->tp_name);
        }
    }
}


Py_ssize_t
PyUnstable_Eval_RequestCodeExtraIndex(freefunc free)
{
    PyInterpreterState *interp = _PyInterpreterState_GET();
    Py_ssize_t new_index;

#ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
    struct _py_code_state *state = &interp->code_state;
    FT_MUTEX_LOCK(&state->mutex);
#endif

    if (interp->co_extra_user_count >= MAX_CO_EXTRA_USERS - 1) {
#ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
        FT_MUTEX_UNLOCK(&state->mutex);
#endif
        return -1;
    }

    new_index = interp->co_extra_user_count;
    interp->co_extra_freefuncs[new_index] = free;

    // Publish freefuncs[new_index] before making the index visible.
    FT_ATOMIC_STORE_SSIZE_RELEASE(interp->co_extra_user_count, new_index + 1);

#ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
    FT_MUTEX_UNLOCK(&state->mutex);
#endif
    return new_index;
}

/* Implement Py_EnterRecursiveCall() and Py_LeaveRecursiveCall() as functions
   for the limited API. */

int Py_EnterRecursiveCall(const char *where)
{
    return _Py_EnterRecursiveCall(where);
}

void Py_LeaveRecursiveCall(void)
{
    _Py_LeaveRecursiveCall();
}

PyObject *
_PyEval_GetANext(PyObject *aiter)
{
    unaryfunc getter = NULL;
    PyObject *next_iter = NULL;
    PyTypeObject *type = Py_TYPE(aiter);
    if (PyAsyncGen_CheckExact(aiter)) {
        return type->tp_as_async->am_anext(aiter);
    }
    if (type->tp_as_async != NULL){
        getter = type->tp_as_async->am_anext;
    }

    if (getter != NULL) {
        next_iter = (*getter)(aiter);
        if (next_iter == NULL) {
            return NULL;
        }
    }
    else {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                        "'async for' requires an iterator with "
                        "__anext__ method, got %.100s",
                        type->tp_name);
        return NULL;
    }

    PyObject *awaitable = _PyCoro_GetAwaitableIter(next_iter);
    if (awaitable == NULL) {
        _PyErr_FormatFromCause(
            PyExc_TypeError,
            "'async for' received an invalid object "
            "from __anext__: %.100s",
            Py_TYPE(next_iter)->tp_name);
    }
    Py_DECREF(next_iter);
    return awaitable;
}

void
_PyEval_LoadGlobalStackRef(PyObject *globals, PyObject *builtins, PyObject *name, _PyStackRef *writeto)
{
    PyObject *namespace = globals;
    if (PyAnyDict_CheckExact(globals) && PyAnyDict_CheckExact(builtins)) {
        namespace = _PyDict_LoadGlobalStackRef((PyDictObject *)globals,
                                             (PyDictObject *)builtins,
                                             name, writeto);
        if (PyStackRef_IsNull(*writeto) && !PyErr_Occurred()) {
            // A missing key does not set an exception in the dictionary helper.
            _PyEval_FormatExcCheckArg(PyThreadState_GET(), PyExc_NameError,
                                        NAME_ERROR_MSG, name);
        }
    }
    else {
        /* Slow-path if globals or builtins is not a dict */
        /* namespace 1: globals */
        PyObject *res;
        if (PyMapping_GetOptionalItem(globals, name, &res) < 0) {
            *writeto = PyStackRef_NULL;
            return;
        }
        if (res == NULL) {
            /* namespace 2: builtins */
            namespace = builtins;
            if (PyMapping_GetOptionalItem(builtins, name, &res) < 0) {
                *writeto = PyStackRef_NULL;
                return;
            }
            if (res == NULL) {
                _PyEval_FormatExcCheckArg(
                            PyThreadState_GET(), PyExc_NameError,
                            NAME_ERROR_MSG, name);
                *writeto = PyStackRef_NULL;
                return;
            }
        }
        *writeto = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(res);
    }

    PyObject *res_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(*writeto);
    if (res_o != NULL && PyLazyImport_CheckExact(res_o)) {
        PyObject *l_v = _PyLazyImport_Reify(
            PyThreadState_GET(), res_o, name, namespace);
        PyStackRef_CLOSE(writeto[0]);
        *writeto = l_v == NULL ? PyStackRef_NULL : PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(l_v);
    }
}

PyObject *
_PyEval_GetAwaitable(PyObject *iterable, int oparg)
{
    PyObject *iter = _PyCoro_GetAwaitableIter(iterable);

    if (iter == NULL) {
        _PyEval_FormatAwaitableError(PyThreadState_GET(),
            Py_TYPE(iterable), oparg);
    }
    else if (PyCoro_CheckExact(iter)) {
        PyCoroObject *coro = (PyCoroObject *)iter;
        int8_t frame_state = FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_INT8_RELAXED(coro->cr_frame_state);
        if (frame_state == FRAME_SUSPENDED_YIELD_FROM ||
            frame_state == FRAME_SUSPENDED_YIELD_FROM_LOCKED)
        {
            /* `iter` is a coroutine object that is being awaited. */
            Py_CLEAR(iter);
            _PyErr_SetString(PyThreadState_GET(), PyExc_RuntimeError,
                             "coroutine is being awaited already");
        }
    }
    return iter;
}

PyObject *
_PyEval_LoadName(PyThreadState *tstate, _PyInterpreterFrame *frame, PyObject *name)
{
    PyObject *value;
    PyObject *namespace = frame->f_locals;
    if (namespace == NULL) {
        _PyErr_SetString(tstate, PyExc_SystemError,
                            "no locals found");
        return NULL;
    }
    if (PyMapping_GetOptionalItem(namespace, name, &value) < 0) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (value != NULL) {
        goto found;
    }
    namespace = frame->f_globals;
    if (PyDict_GetItemRef(namespace, name, &value) < 0) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (value != NULL) {
        goto found;
    }
    namespace = frame->f_builtins;
    if (PyMapping_GetOptionalItem(namespace, name, &value) < 0) {
        return NULL;
    }
    if (value == NULL) {
        _PyEval_FormatExcCheckArg(
                    tstate, PyExc_NameError,
                            NAME_ERROR_MSG, name);
        return NULL;
    }
found:
    if (PyLazyImport_CheckExact(value)) {
        Py_SETREF(value, _PyLazyImport_Reify(tstate, value, name, namespace));
    }
    return value;
}

_PyStackRef _PyForIter_VirtualIteratorNext(PyThreadState* tstate, _PyInterpreterFrame* frame, _PyStackRef iter, _PyStackRef* index_ptr)
{
    PyObject *iter_o = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(iter);
    _PyStackRef index = *index_ptr;
    if (PyStackRef_IsTaggedInt(index)) {
        intptr_t i = PyStackRef_UntagInt(index);
        assert(i >= 0);
        _PyObjectIndexPair next_index = Py_TYPE(iter_o)->_tp_iteritem(iter_o, i);
        i = next_index.index;
        PyObject *next = next_index.object;
        if (next == NULL) {
            return i < 0 ? PyStackRef_ERROR : PyStackRef_NULL;
        }
        *index_ptr = PyStackRef_TagInt(i);
        return PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(next);
    }
    PyObject *next = (*Py_TYPE(iter_o)->tp_iternext)(iter_o);
    if (next == NULL) {
        if (_PyErr_Occurred(tstate)) {
            if (_PyErr_ExceptionMatches(tstate, PyExc_StopIteration)) {
                _PyEval_MonitorRaise(tstate, frame, frame->instr_ptr);
                _PyErr_Clear(tstate);
            }
            else {
                return PyStackRef_ERROR;
            }
        }
        return PyStackRef_NULL;
    }
    return PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(next);
}

/* Check if a 'cls' provides the given special method. */
static inline int
type_has_special_method(PyTypeObject *cls, PyObject *name)
{
    // _PyType_Lookup() does not set an exception and returns a borrowed ref
    assert(!PyErr_Occurred());
    PyObject *r = _PyType_Lookup(cls, name);
    return r != NULL && Py_TYPE(r)->tp_descr_get != NULL;
}

int
_PyEval_SpecialMethodCanSuggest(PyObject *self, int oparg)
{
    PyTypeObject *type = Py_TYPE(self);
    switch (oparg) {
        case SPECIAL___ENTER__:
        case SPECIAL___EXIT__: {
            return type_has_special_method(type, &_Py_ID(__aenter__))
                   && type_has_special_method(type, &_Py_ID(__aexit__));
        }
        case SPECIAL___AENTER__:
        case SPECIAL___AEXIT__: {
            return type_has_special_method(type, &_Py_ID(__enter__))
                   && type_has_special_method(type, &_Py_ID(__exit__));
        }
        default:
            Py_FatalError("unsupported special method");
    }
}